YWCA of the U.S.A. Records. Record Group 6. Program: Series IV. Constituent Groups
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Sophia Smith Collection Smith CollegeNorthampton, MA
Finding aid encoded by Carrie Baldwin. July 11, 2008
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Encoded Archival Description (EAD) Version 2002
collection
Creation of YWCA of the U.S.A. Records. Record Group 6. Program: Series IV. Constituent Groups
Time of Creation of YWCA of the U.S.A. Records. Record Group 6. Program: Series IV. Constituent Groups
Young Women's Christian Association of the U.S.A.
The YWCA of the U.S.A. donated a portion of its records to the Sophia Smith Collection in 1964 and the remainder in 2002 and 2003.
Scope and Content Forms part of the YWCA of the U.S.A. Records--Record Group 6. Program. NOTE: For the most part, the Microfilmed Records and the Original Format Records do not duplicate each other and both should be consulted. This description covers materials in both formats. See the Contents List for a folder-level inventory of the Original Format Records. See the Microfilmed Records Reel Lists for a detailed inventory of the microfilm. This Series is divided into five Subseries: A. EMPLOYED WOMEN B. IMMIGRATION AND FOREIGN COMMUNITIES C. INTERRACIAL/RACIAL JUSTICE D. TEENAGE AND YOUNGER GIRLS E. YOUNG ADULTS SUBSERIES A. EMPLOYED WOMEN Historical Note The Young Women's Christian Association movement was founded to address concerns about the welfare of young, single working women who had moved to urban areas for jobs. Individual Associations in Cities and Towns offered them a range of services (such as housing, job placement, and cafeterias); vocational, recreational, and enrichment opportunities (such as classes, concerts, libraries, and gymnasium facilities); and prayer groups and other religious activities to serve their mental, moral, physical, and spiritual welfare. The idea was to introduce working women to a life beyond drudgery and to offer the potential for self-expression and job training. [See RECORD GROUP 2. PREDECESSOR ORGANIZATIONS] YWCA "colored" war work staff at Camp Upton, Yapank, New York, 1918 In the early years, Women's Christian Associations and YWCAs used the word "Industrial" to refer to any kind of non-professional employment-women earning a living by their own "industry." YWCA Industrial Club members worked in factories, mills, laundries, hotels, department stores, telephone offices, domestic service (known as "household employment" in the YWCA.), etc. Though the YWCA's original efforts on behalf of employed women did not exclude any type of work, the limited options open to women in the mid-nineteenth century meant that the majority of working women served by the YW were not employed in offices or the professions. This had changed by the end of the century as more and more women found work in offices and retail stores, where the work was clean and "light," the hours were generally shorter, and some opportunities for advancement existed. Many young office workers belonged to the Industrial Club at their Community YWCA, but often felt that issues specific to their work lives were not being addressed there. Much of the initial "Industrial-Extension" work by the predecessor organizations took place inside factory buildings under the auspices of the employer. The Association was essentially "used by the employer as his agent for welfare work." As they became better acquainted with factory conditions and workers' struggles, YWCA secretaries felt this arrangement compromised their ability to work effectively with and on behalf of the employees. Though the Association needed the financial support provided by employers, it decided it could only accept their money if it was applied to the entire Association and did not specifically finance work with the Industrial women. Clubs that were originally organized "within factory walls" moved off site, but often retained the name of the factory and roster of members drawn from its work rolls. In some cases, Clubs evolved into Industrial Branches affiliated with a central City Association. When the predecessor organizations merged to form the YWCA of the U.S.A., the National Association augmented the direct work being done under the auspices of Community Associations in what would become its classic fashion: making ongoing studies of the existing conditions to determine workers' needs, and developing methods and techniques to help meet those needs. Beyond the enrichment and general educational opportunities offered to all YWCA members, the national program for employed women came to include a strong public advocacy component on behalf of workers [see SERIES III. PUBLIC ADVOCACY]; aid in the formation of self-governing Councils of working women; leadership training and administrative support for the Councils; and development of a multitude of ways "interpret" employed women's issues to the general membership. In 1908 the National Association decided to experiment with serving professional workers, through the establishment of a Cooperating Committee with the Central Club for Nurses in New York City. Nineteenth century advances in the medical profession dramatically altered the nurse's job from that of a domestic helper primarily employed in the home, to professionally trained employees in a rapidly increasing array of new hospitals. In typical YWCA manner, National Staff studied existing conditions, identified needs, and recommended ways the Association might meet those needs. Once the work was established, the Cooperating Committee was absorbed into the YWCA of the City of New York, and the National Association made use of its experience to help formulate program for other professional workers. In her 1911-12 biennial report to the Method Department, Industrial Secretary Florence Simms noted an overall "change of policy of the Association from the adaptation of the girl to the organization to the adaptation of the organization to the girl . . .," the "natural outgrowth" of which was the "further development of the principle of self-government in the club work." For the program to be truly useful, it had to be initiated and run by the club members and not by YWCA staff. From 1913 the National Association encouraged "federation" of these small self-governing clubs into larger Councils based in cities or regions. In structure, the Councils mirrored the National Association. Local Clubs banded together into city, state, or regional groups. These self-governing groups gave members a chance to experience democracy, learn leadership and group work techniques, and understand the interdependence of all working women. Club Councils held at summer camps in 1913 brought representatives from Industrial Clubs to regional conferences at Altamont in New York, Nepawhin in Pennsylvania, and Lake Geneva in Wisconsin. Here, along with the usual YWCA camp activities, delegates discussed ways to widen the influence of Industrial Clubs, suggested plans for further federation of clubs, and made plans for educational work. In the first few years, Club Councils were primarily concerned with "executive technique," such as how to organize groups and activities and different ways to raise money. By 1917 the Council experience had broadened the industrial member's horizon from "just her own factory" to include the industrial needs of women throughout the country. Attendees were seeing themselves "industrially," making recommendations about how Industrial Clubs might work on behalf of minimum wage laws, advocate for health insurance, and promote efforts aimed at improving working conditions. The Councils asked the National Association to develop new evening classes "different in many respects from the older type of ukulele and millinery" (The YWCA and Industry, 1928). It included topics such as: furnishing the home and what makes a house a home, as well as economics and labor problems, history, English, and public speaking, legislative questions, and how a city is governed. Through their Studies and interactions with Club members, Industrial Secretaries on the National staff and in Community Associations had plenty of experience of the struggles of industrial workers, but the YWCA's intense involvement in World War I brought much more direct consciousness of these problems to the Association as a whole. [see SERIES VII. WAR WORK AND DEFENSE SERVICES]. World War I brought a dramatic increase in the number of women "being thrust into business" and prompted the National Association to begin specialized work with business and professional women. Early in 1918 the Association hired its first secretary for work with business and professional women. In May of that year the YWCA sponsored a national conference of business and professional women, who were not necessarily YWCA members, to consult on what kind of work might best serve this constituency. The Business and Professional women responded with appreciation for the work the YW was doing, but had concerns about whether the membership requirement (in order to be a YW member one had to be a member of an Evangelical Protestant church) was appropriate for a national business organization. During the conference, the Business and Professional women established a National Business Women's Committee which had its first meeting immediately following adjournment. The Committee held its first Convention in St. Louis the following year and decided to form an independent organization, the National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs. Acknowledging the special needs of younger women, this group encouraged the YWCA to continue its efforts on behalf of their youngest sisters. In October of 1919 the YWCA called its first National Conference of Industrial Club members "with the hope of phrasing a message" for the first International Congress of Working Women that would "clarify the relationship of Christianity to the present situation of women in industry." At the end of the conference, the delegates submitted a set of resolutions for eventual submission to the YWCA National Convention. The resolutions included a list of standards "which our industrial membership believes might form the basis of favorable working and living conditions for all industrial working women," accompanied by a recommendation that the National Association should promote education on industrial questions among all Association members and that "women should use their newly acquired power of the franchise to secure the writing of these standards into laws." The resolutions reached the Convention in 1920 in the form of a recommendation that the YWCA adopt as its social program the "Social Ideals of the Churches" which had been articulated by the Federal Council of Churches in 1912. For the first time Industrial Club members took an active part in Convention proceedings, and their speeches from the floor "were quite largely responsible for the passage of that platform." In "An Historical Outline of the Work of the Industrial Department," Grace Coyle described the import of the moment as the point at which the "social thought of the Association had crystallized sufficiently so that it was ready to take a stand nationally . . . . [I]t represented the fact that we...as an organization assumed responsibility for changing those [working] conditions until they came nearer to the Christian conception of society as a human brotherhood." The National Association was so impressed by the activities of Industrial membership during World War I and its Council work after the war, that it voted to authorize formation of a National Industrial Assembly at the 1922 Convention. Assemblies allowed various constituent groups to gather "for acquaintance with one another and for consideration of their part in the life of women through their membership in the YWCA." They functioned like mini-Conventions where the membership debated and approved resolutions and program for Clubs to carry out in the following years. They were autonomous groups authorized to make decisions on behalf of their constituency and subject to the total membership only in matters of consequence to the entire Association. Assemblies selected a National Council (equivalent to the National Board of the YWCA) to draft program and resolutions, plan Assemblies, and oversee progress on projects and program in the interim between Conventions. The National Association hired its first National Secretary for work with Business and Professional women in 1922 and moved to establish a National Business Assembly at Convention in 1924. Conferences played a major role in the programs for employed women providing a broadening experience that re-energized members. They were planned by Area Councils and often included National Staff as facilitators. Summer conferences or councils, designed on the model of the traditional student summer conferences, lasted for ten days and were held in inexpensive vacation spots, such as at summer camps or on college campuses. For many they offered "a chance for a real vacation," combined with an opportunity to understand the shared concerns and interdependence of working women. The general educational program included traditional YWCA topics, such as religion, government and citizenship, interracial relations, world fellowship, and Association principles and practices. The "technical hours" were the "setting-up conference" for planning the work for the year. Attendees divided into commissions that worked on subjects such as education; social service; club organization; and issues specific to working women, such as consumer interests, occupational health and safety, trade unions, etc. Personal development activities included writing groups, music, dramatics, and various opportunities for outdoor recreation. Weekend conferences were an especially strong tradition among Business and Professional Clubs. They were initiated and executed by Business and Professional staff and club members of several Community Associations in geographic proximity. They provided opportunities for conference chairs to gather the "thinking and concerns" of the members and convey that to Area Councils and summer conferences. National staff attended whenever possible. Both Councils also sponsored yearly events to celebrate their unity and common concerns with a banquet and program held on the same night. For Business and Professional Clubs the event was known as the Nation-wide Observance (later, World-wide Observance). The Industrial Club version was known as National Industrial Progress Day. To bring working women's concerns to the full Association and the general public, Eleanor Coit, National Industrial Secretary, encouraged Industrial Secretaries in Community Associations to use their regular contact with industrial members to gather "a fund of human experience that needs to get into the consciousness of the public." Feeling acutely the inadequacy of the national research staff, Coit encouraged local secretaries to use the "story method" to collect information. The main emphases of the program for 1926-27 were married women in industry and the racial factor in industry. National staff spent considerable time on labor education in the 1930s, whether participating in YWCA conferences or in the Bryn Mawr and Wisconsin Summer Schools for women in industry. "More and more thinking men and women are realizing how largely shortages in people's lives are due to shortages in their education. A large percentage of the membership of the YWCA consists of women whose education has been cut short at an early age, and who are for this reason seriously handicapped not only in the business of earning a living, but also in the business of living. To enable these women to bridge over the gaps in their education is, therefore, becoming an increasingly important concern of this organization, especially now that women are assuming heavier responsibilities as citizens than they have ever shouldered before" (When Labor Goes to School, 1920). By the end of World War I, the National Association had developed relatively elaborate programs for Industrial, Business and Professional, and eventually Agricultural workers with associated specialist staff. The YWCA was always somewhat ambivalent about whether the various groups of employed women were different enough to warrant separate groups. While some issues were unique to a particular category of job, many issues were shared and much of the general YWCA program was essentially identical for all groups of working women. With the loss of wartime and continuation funding and the onset of the Great Depression, it became difficult for the National Association to continue to support the programs and for the Club members to afford conferences and travel to council meetings. During the Depression, the two Councils were both heavily involved in work on the problems related to the widespread unemployment. A 1928 Convention Action called for Community Associations to devise methods for aiding the unemployed in their area, and charged the National Association to cooperate with other organizations to "promote adequate protection and remedial measures in the stabilization of employment." Results of local studies and articles by outside experts and YWCA staff were collected together in a "Symposium" for use at the 1930 Convention. Supplementary budget appropriations in 1931 supported research and development of a group of publications on how to deal with the challenges, including such topics as making constructive use of enforced leisure time, the social consequences of widespread unemployment, and services for transient and homeless women. The National Association's mid-1930s plan to concentrate on the Association "as a whole" rather than its constituent parts meant that the Councils got less support and participation from National staff. Strong interest, particularly in the Industrial Council, kept employed women's Councils going through World War II despite dwindling membership. By the late 1940s the Councils began to look for ways to revitalize the programs for working women. They asked for increased national support, particularly in the form of studies. The Business, Professional, and Industrial Experimentation Committee carried out experimental studies in eleven selected communities to find new ways of strengthening program with young employed women. The National Board appointed an Ad Hoc Committee to Study the Future of Business, Professional and Industrial Assembly and Council Structure and its related conferences and program in 1948. Given the National Association's general movement away from programs aimed at constituent groups, part of the Committee's charge was to determine whether the National Association should continue to support the Councils at all. Its January 1949 report proposed combining the two Councils into a single National Employed Women's Council with equal numbers of members drawn from the Industrial and Business and Professional constituency. While B and P accepted the idea, the Industrial Council was less enthusiastic. In the end, they devised a compromise plan in which the two Assemblies would meet together as the National Employed Women's Coordinating Assembly which would have complete responsibility for matters of mutual concern, such as dues, program, trends, and cooperation, and each would continue to meet separately on matters specific to the different types of work. As of 1950 National oversight of the work with employed women became the responsibility of the Young Adult Committee/Council which had general responsibility for all members not in high school or college, whether in the workforce or not. [See Subseries E. Young Adults.] Some study and experimentation continued until 1952, but the self-governing groups for employed women did not ultimately survive. Efforts on behalf of working women on the national level continued primarily as part of the Public Advocacy program. The National Association also sponsored or co-sponsored periodic conferences or consultations on women and work. As a result of the Economic Opportunity Act of 1964, the National Association got involved in two new projects for employed women in the late 1960s: the Business Office Culture Project, and the Job-Corps YWCA Extension Residence Program. Both of these projects were funded by the U.S. Department of Labor, administered by the National Association, and carried out in selected Community Associations. The Business Office Culture Project (circa 1968-69) provided technical training and an introduction to the "culture" of the business world. The National Association's involvement with Job-Corps (1967-75) was to run small (15-30 person) residences for young women who had completed the Job-Corps vocational training program. Here the trainees could gain experience living and working independently with support and supervision from YWCA counselors and program specialists. The Government did not renew the national contract as of the spring of 1975, but it encouraged Job Corps Regional Offices to enter into contracts with local YWCAs. HOUSEHOLD EMPLOYMENT As the National Association grew, it noted an increasing number of Industrial Club members in domestic service, or "Household Employment," particularly in its "Colored" Branches. The National Association made regular studies and surveys of conditions beginning in 1915 with the appointment of the Commission on Household Employment. In 1928 it participated in the formation of the National Committee on Employer-Employee Relationships in the Home, which later evolved into the National Council on Household Employment. The YWCA was one of the Council's cooperating agencies with a member on its Board. The National Association also advocated for a voluntary employer-employee agreement covering issues such as maximum hours, minimum wage, living arrangements, regular payment of wages, etc. The Industrial Assembly took up the subject at its 1925 Conferences and adopted it as one of its Projects in 1931. The National Association and the Industrial Assembly collected data on working conditions and training programs. With the staff reductions and reorganization of the early 1930s, the work, which had been associated with the Industrial Department, became "loosely" attached to Public Affairs through its Subcommittee on Household Employment. This Subcommittee gathered data from the various groups studying the "household employment problem" in the YWCA. Because YWCA constituency included both employers and employees, the Subcommittee felt the YWCA constituted "the best working laboratory in the world" for studying the situation. Their recommended program for improving employer-employee relations included study and discussion groups, promotion of a voluntary agreement on employment terms, legislation, and cooperative relationships with organized groups of employers and employees. By the late 1930s this Subcommittee was mainly advocating for legislation, such as the inclusion of domestic employees in the Social Security program. Beginning in the mid-1940s discussions about the general decline in participation of working women in the YWCA and ever decreasing numbers of domestic workers included the decision that the Association could not continue to devote part of its limited resources to household employment issues. Administrative History1907-08Industrial Secretary, Association Extension Committee in the Home Department and regional Field Secretaries in Field Dept1909-18Home Department name changed to Department of Method1918-22large staff expansion associated with World War I, some staff part of War Work Council1919-23Department of Method name changed to Research and Method1923-32Industrial Department and Department of Work with Business and Professional Women under Field Division (first staff for B and P)1932National Services Division1933-39Membership Program under Leadership Division1940-45Group Interests under Community Division1945-46"Constituency" under Community Division, staff member added for Agricultural1947-49Headquarters-based Staff under Community Division1950Young Adult under Community Division Scope and Content Employed Women Program records include general and history files; committee and department minutes and reports; extensive conference files; National and Regional Council records; organizations files; programs and projects files; publications; reference materials; studies; and training materials. Most of the records in this series are those gathered in the National Association's Central File, and date primarily from the post World War I staff reorganization and the establishment of the National Assemblies (1922-24) up to 1950. Earlier materials (primarily Industrial) can be found in Method Department records in Series I of this Record Group. Few records date from after 1950 when the working women's Councils were combined with other groups into the Young Adult Council. There are a few files on the Business Office Culture Project and Job-Corps YWCA Extension Residence Programs of the 1960s and 70s, and scattered items from the 1980s. [see also Subseries E. Young Adults] Because the working women's clubs and councils were self-governing groups, the records associated with their activities, including the conferences they planned, were often written by the working women themselves. While some of the documents are reports by National Staff on attendance at conferences or council meetings, much is in the voice of the working women members. The extensive Conference files can include: planning materials such as local arrangements files, mailings, and pre-conference study materials; items for use during the conference such as programs, schedules, handouts, training materials, daily meditations, skit scripts, song sheets, and bulletins with drawings and other art work, poetry and fiction by conference participants; and summary materials such as reports, participants lists, financial records, training materials, and evaluations. The Household Employment files were compiled for the YWCA's Central Subject File and include various records of various committees and commissions working on related issues, as well as local associations files with correspondence, reports, surveys, and reference materials on household employment issues and training programs (not necessarily YW programs) in various regions of the country. Microfilmed Records, 1906-70 only [see Microfilmed Records Reel List] Most of the records on the microfilm were retained in original format. The one category of records that is probably more complete in original format is publications. Records of program related to Employed Women can be found on the microfilm under: Minutes and Reports B. and P. [Business and Professional] CommitteeB.P. and I. [Business, Professional, and Industrial]Co-operating Committee, Central Club for NursesIndustrial CommitteeYoung Adult CouncilSubject Files Business and Industrial WomenBusiness and Professional WomenBusiness, Professional and Industrial WomenEconomicsHousehold Employment [Domestic Service]IndustrialJob Corps-J.C.Y.W.Labor Original Format Records, 1870-84, n.d., 24.5 linear feet [see Original Format Records folder list] Most of the records that were microfilmed were retained in original format. The one category of records that is probably more complete in original format is publications. Materials about the YWCA's work with employed women is in sections as follows: General contains records of combined B and P, Industrial, and Agricultural activities, committees, conferences, and councils. There are also files on early (1906-19) general working women's groups, general employment-related publications and studies, and general work-related projects from the 1960s and 70s (including the Job-Corps YWCA Extension Residence Program). Records of YWCA research projects, publications, and activities related to Unemployment during the 1920s and 1930s are filed at the end of this section. Business and Professional Women contains general historical materials, committee minutes, extensive summer and weekend conference records, National and Area Council and National Assembly records, files on work with related organizations, a few files on the Business Office Culture Project of the late-1960s, publications, and studies. Household Employment contains general historical materials, committee and commission records, Local Associations files; records of Industrial Assembly and Conference Household Employment Project, files on cooperating organizations, publications, and reference materials. Industrial Work contains general historical materials, including some files on local Industrial Clubs and Committees, Committee records, extensive Summer and Weekend/Mid-winter Conference files, National and Area Council records; files on National Assemblies, program and project files, publications, reports, studies, and training materials. Related Materials In other Subseries in this Series: Subseries D. Teen Age and Younger Girls Program contains studies of younger employed girls and program materials created for them, plus additional Younger Girls in Business and Industry (YGBI) Clubs. There are also records of some employment training programs and projects developed specifically for teenagers, such as the Young Women's Employment Project (1980s), and the Youth Workers Team Learning Project (1970s). Subseries E. Young Adults has records of the consolidated programs for YW-Wives, younger employed women, Students, and Teen-Agers dating from 1950 to 1979. In other Series in this Record Group: SERIES III. PUBLIC ADVOCACY contains records of the YWCA's involvement with labor legislation and other workers' issues. SERIES VII. WAR WORK AND DEFENSE SERVICES contains records of the YWCA's work on behalf of women mobilized into Industry in both World Wars. In other Record Groups: Records of the two predecessor organizations document their work on behalf of employed women are in RECORD GROUP 2. PREDECESSOR ORGANIZATIONS AND NATIONAL BOARD. RECORD GROUP 4. NATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND CONFERENCES has small files on Industrial and B and P Assemblies convened at Conventions and documentation of resolutions and actions related to employed women's issues. RECORD GROUP 7. STUDENT WORK: The Student Department formed clubs and developed summer Student-Industrial Programs in the 1920s and 30s to bring together college students and working women for joint study and Christian fellowship. RECORD GROUP 8. COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS: The earliest discussions of the new National Association's work with employed women are recorded in the records of the Association Extension Committee. Other materials can be found in the records of the Rural Communities Department, Mill Villages work and rural-industrial studies, and Employment and Room Registry reports on local conditions. Microfilmed Local Associations files contain records of interactions between National Staff and Industrial Branches and some studies of local industrial conditions. They also contain records of the national organization's interaction with Mill Village YWCAs. RECORD GROUP 8. COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS The Local Associations files on the microfilm have records of National Association contacts with "Industrial" branches in some cities. There are many photographs of women working and of Employed women's conferences in RECORD GROUP 9. PHOTOGRAPHS, ARTIFACTS, AND RECORD GROUP 10. AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS. In Personal Papers: The Lillian Sharpley Papers contain notes and drafts for a history of the YWCA's work with Business and Professional women. The Grace Dodge Papers contain a scrapbook of writings with many articles about household employment. SUBSERIES B. IMMIGRATION AND FOREIGN COMMUNITIES Historical Note One of the tasks of the staff of the newly established YWCA of the U.S.A. was to decide what kinds of work the National Association should do; which existing YWCA activities it should try to coordinate at the national level and what new types of work it should attempt. Examination of these issues was the charge of the Extension and Sociological Investigation Committee (later the Association Extension Committee) which had its first meeting late in 1907. It seems to have been a given that City, Student, and Foreign work would continue under the new National Association, but all other types of "extension" of the work were first studied by the Committee. At its first meeting in 1907 the Extension and Sociological Investigation Committee of the new National Association considered, among other things, whether or how the National Association should serve young immigrant women. At issue were "the difficulty of other religious organizations working there, owing to the almost complete control of the field by the Catholic church" and "the seeming necessity for settlement work, since there are so many men, women and children in need, young women being in the minority." Given these complications, the Committee resolved to study the matter further. Over its first year they received suggestions from various organizations about specific ways the YWCA might serve young immigrant women, such as meeting them upon arrival, assisting them to their destination, and aiding them in finding employment. Another area of concern was "the Americanization and Christianization of immigrant girls working in American homes." YWCA of the USA president Grace Dodge appointed a Special Committee of Research and Investigation in April 1910 in response to "recent revelations of the adverse conditions surrounding Immigrant women and girls as they come to America" which made it "imperative that the [YWCA] . . . should at least study the question to see if there is a need which it can meet, which is not being met by any other organization." After a summer of study in New York City, the National Association inaugurated a demonstration program for young immigrant women in the fall of 1910 under the auspices of the Association Extension Committee. The National Association engaged Edith Terry [later Bremer] to establish what eventually became the International Institute of the City of New York. The Institute initially offered English classes and staff wrote and published materials for adults learning the language. Members of the Special Committee visited Community Associations outside of New York to consult and coordinate their fledgling immigrant programs. The National Association's work with foreign-born women aimed to "serve the Association and the entire American community by bringing into association women of many nationalities, widening the acquaintance and increasing the understanding of all, and developing internationalism by training in internationality friendships." It was also designed to serve "the immigrant woman by helping her to a 'more abundant life' . . . helping her and her American-born daughter to understand and appreciate each other," and to make the U.S. known and loved by its new citizens. The specifics of the program were tailored to the interests and needs of the constituents, but the basic idea was essentially the same as elsewhere in the Association. In addition to English classes, the Association program for young immigrant women came to include "wholesome recreation," technical classes to raise their "economic value," practical and scientific instruction for home life or domestic service (for those wishing it), understanding of American standards and ideals, and "character" instruction. National Staff facilitated the establishment of special branches of Community YWCAs to serve non-English speaking young women wherever the size of a city's immigrant population warranted it. The National Association decided to call these branches International Institutes, once it learned that the word "Association" had negative (commercial or radical) connotations for Europeans. By contrast "Institutes" were associated with "protection obtained and something learned." National work on behalf of immigrant women also included work fostering understanding and appreciation of their cultures among the total membership and the general public. In addition to texts for teaching English as a second language, National staff for "Immigration and Foreign Communities" work produced "technical" materials about cultures, languages, history, and customs, and corresponded with Community Associations and various other organizations about "relating to foreign people." An adaptation of the Eight Week Club Plan, called International Friendship Clubs, matched college YWCA women home for the summer with high school girls in small towns. Program staff developing ideas for recreational activities incorporated research by the Foreign Communities staff into song books, programs for folk festivals, and suggestions for programs, pageants, and plays. The National Association encouraged celebration of the richness these cultures brought to the U.S. and to the Association. YWCA serials consistently included articles, and Conferences regularly incorporated some kind of program, designed to foster appreciation in the general membership of immigrant issues and cultures. World War I precipitated a significant increase in both the size and complexity of the national program of "Work with Foreign-Born Women." In her first report for the fall of 1917, Edith Terry Bremer noted that "The American idea about immigrants has completely changed." The War suddenly made "every foreign home a place of dread and fear and suspicion." "It is queer and inconsistent," she wrote in her October 17, 1917 report, "that the same situation that has melted the hearts of Americans toward Europeans in Europe has hardened and made exacting and suspicious those same hearts toward Europeans in America!!!" In its capacity as a member of the National War Work Council, the YWCA assumed responsibility for the care and protection of women as they were affected by the war. Noting that the effects of the war were even more severe for foreign-born women, the YWCA ramped up its efforts on their behalf. It essentially nationalized what had been a northeastern U.S. operation. With War Work Council funding, multi-lingual secretaries were hired for Port Work, meeting immigrant women at points of intake on the east and west coasts; staff of a new International Information and Service Bureau translated all kinds of technical materials and wrote speeches and information sheets in a variety of languages "upon all matters for which they are needing help;" other secretaries did Emergency Field work to help speed the opening of new International Institutes for young women of all nationalities; a Bureau was established to help in locating refugee relatives in Europe; and the YWCA provided "home service" for the families of enlisted men. To facilitate all this new work and reconstruction work in Europe, the YWCA established training programs for foreign community workers and reconstruction volunteers. Most of the "Foreign Communities" staff worked under the auspices of the War Work Council from the fall of 1917 through the post-war Continuation period. With the nationalization of the efforts, the staff began to serve immigrant populations different from the primarily European groups prevalent in the northeast and Midwest, particularly Mexican immigrants in the southwest and Asian immigrants on the west coast. Once the Continuation funds were exhausted, the National Association was forced to make drastic cuts to its Foreign Communities staff. Many of the War Work staff found work in the new International Institutes supported by Community YWCAs. With the advent of the Great Depression it became difficult to maintain even a reduced level of services and the Association sought ways to simplify its program. Noting that immigration work was most effective when it included all family members, not just its young women, the National Association and other agencies working on behalf of the foreign born facilitated the creation of a new national organization to oversee the work. The National Institute of Immigrant Welfare, established in 1934, assumed much of the program the YWCA had developed, including administration of the International Institutes. The NIIW named the YWCA's longtime director of Immigration and Foreign Communities Work, Edith Terry Bremer, its first executive director. From that time National YWCA work related to immigration and immigrants was more-or-less confined to public advocacy. [See SERIES III. PUBLIC ADVOCACY] During World War II, the National Association once again established similar (though more small-scale) services for aiding war refugees. It also ran programs for Japanese-Americans sent to Relocation Centers. [See SERIES VII. WAR WORK AND DEFENSE SERVICES.] With the exception of African-Americans, the role of racial and ethnic groups in the National Association is largely undocumented between 1934 and the 1970 "One Imperative" Convention and its associated Institutes, Workshops, and Consultations. That Convention prompted the National Association to broaden its idea about racism to include other racial and ethnic groups in a new "Racial Justice" program. [see Subseries C. Interracial/Racial Justice below] Administrative HistoryOct 1910Special Worker, Immigration Work for the Association Extension Committee1911Department of Method1912Immigration Work, City Department in the Department of Method1916"Immigration and Foreign Community Work" in the Department of MethodSep 1918Special Workers at Headquarters, Foreign-born Women, War Work Staff and Department of MethodDec 1918Work for Foreign-Born Women, War Work StaffJan 1920Work for Foreign-Born Women, Continuation Committee staff1921Post-Continuation Committee staff1923Dept for Work with Foreign-Born Women under Field Division1925Dept for Immigration and Foreign Communities under Field Division1932International Institutes and Foreign Communities, Studies and Program Materials under Laboratory Division; and International Institutes and Foreign Communities under National Services Division1933Bureau of Immigration and the Foreign-Bornfall 1935Nationality Community Interests in Program and Research under Laboratory Division1936International Interests (or Nationality Community Interests) in Program, and Research under Laboratory Division1939Refugees in Program and Research under Laboratory Division1940-43Nationality Community Interests in Community Division1944Committee on Refugees secretary in General Administration and Japanese Evacuees (special project) Scope and Content Records of the National Immigration and Foreign Communities work includes general historical materials, correspondence, minutes, conference files, records of cooperation with other organizations working on immigration and refugee issues, publications, reference files, reports, studies, and training materials. The Original Format Records include significant un-microfilmed materials from Elizabeth Hendee, head of the Vocational Guidance Bureau. Microfilmed Records, 1910-70 only [see Microfilmed Records Reel List] The Minutes and Reports and much of the Immigration section of the Subject File were not discarded after microfilming, so many of the microfilmed materials can also be consulted in original format. Local Associations files include records of the national office's interactions with various International Institutes. They can be found on the film following the general files for a local association. (For example, under Missouri, general files about the Saint Louis Association appear on reel 187 at microdex 2, these are followed by "Saint Louis--Carondelet Branch," which is followed by "Saint Louis-International Institute.") These materials were discarded after microfilming, so are only available on the microfilm. Immigration and Foreign Communities materials can be found on the microfilm under: Minutes and Reports Immigration and Foreign Communities CommitteeResearch and Investigation Committee Subject Files ImmigrationImmigration-International Institutes Local Association files International Institute - filed alphabetically by state and then by City of name of the Association Original Format Records, 1911-93, 4.5 linear feet [see Original Format Records Folder List] Beyond the microfilmed Subject File and Minutes and Reports, the original format records contain additional publications, articles and theses about the work, and some of Elizabeth Hendee's Vocational Guidance Bureau office working files received by the National Board Archives long after the records were microfilmed. These files were incorporated into the original format records described below. The Original format records are arranged as follows: General and History contains general historical materials including brochures and pamphlets. Department, Committees, and Commissions contains minutes of the major committees, and some staff meetings; records of the Commission on the Study of the Second Generation Girl, a group studying the challenges faced by the children of new immigrants, 1925-35; department correspondence and mailings called "Program Letters"; records related to process by which the National Association facilitated founding of the National Institute of Immigrant Welfare; general information on International Institutes and their policies; a small group of autobiographies by International Institute members; and some records of the Vocational Guidance Bureau. Conferences contains records of national conferences of International Institutes and foreign communities YWCA staff, 1917-45. Organizations has records of interactions with the National Institute of Immigrant Welfare including some committee files and publications dating from its founding in 1934 to 1949. There are also files of correspondence with civil liberties, refugee welfare, and citizenship education organizations from the World War II era. Publications includes technical bulletins and handbooks for understanding and working with foreign-born members; tools for teaching English as a second language; books about folk festivals, ethnic costumes, and some International Institute cookbooks. There are also several serial publications including Foreign Born, published by the National Association, 1919-22. Reference files includes bibliographies and subject files compiled by the staff on such topics as race and nationality, displaced persons, "mother tongue," and "background materials" on countries. Reports includes Department, Committee and Commission, International Institute, secretary and visitation reports, 1910-42. Studies are on various topics from the 1920s and 30s. Training materials are primarily related to training staff to work with foreign community members (1918-35) and include some general information about the summer training program at Fletcher Farm in Ludlow, Vermont. Related Materials In other Subseries in this Series: Subseries D. Teenage and Younger Girls: information about other cultures and the lives of foreign-born girls were a regular feature in materials for Teen conferences and in the Teen serial The Bookshelf. In other Series in this Record Group: SERIES I. DEPARTMENT, STAFF AND COMMITTEES: Immigration and Foreign Communities staff reported to the Association Extension Committee and then the Research and Method Department up to World War I. Discussions of the work and additional secretary's reports can be found there. SERIES III. PUBLIC ADVOCACY: Beginning with World War I, the National Program for Public Advocacy included a variety of efforts on behalf of refugees, immigration legislation, and other related topics. After World War II, Public Advocacy is pretty much the only way the National Association is involved in immigrant issues. SERIES V. PROGRAM SUBJECTS: Much of the educational work associated with education about, and appreciation of, other cultures was produced by staff generating materials for use in recreational programs, including the Music Department, and Pageantry and Drama. SERIES VI. PUBLICATIONS: The Womans Press published a number of titles for the general public on folk customs, costumes, and festivals. The Association Monthly/Womans Press/YWCA Magazine regularly carried articles on immigrants and immigration issues. SERIES VII. WAR WORK AND DEFENSE SERVICES: the increased Immigration and Foreign Communities staff during World War I was transferred from the National Association budget to the oversight of the War Work Council. Records of immigration work between the fall of 1917 and the spring of 1920 are filed in this series. While not as extensive as the activities during World War I, World War II saw a similar increase of activities and staff. In other Record Groups: RECORD GROUP 8. COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS SERIES I. SERVICES TO COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS includes discussions of the work, and reports on visits to Community Associations are in the Minutes and Secretaries' reports in this record group, particularly in the City Department. SERIES IV. COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS FILES include information on local studies of the foreign-born situation and records of interactions between the National Staff and International Institutes in some cities. These are in the Local Associations files on the microfilm. There are a few publications about International Institutes, particularly the YW of the City of New York, in the Original Format Records in the Community Associations Historical Files. At other repositories: Ludmila K. Foxlee Papers, Liberty Island Archives, Ellis Island Records of various YWCA International Institutes, Social Welfare History Archives, and the Immigration History Research Center at the University of Minnesota SUBSERIES C. INTERRACIAL/RACIAL JUSTICE NOTE: Up until 1970, the YWCA of the USA considered its work related to American Indians and African-Americans as fundamentally different from its work with other "minority" or "ethnic" groups. From its founding in 1906 up until the "One Imperative" Convention of 1970, the Mexican population in the southwest, Asian population on the west coast, and European immigrants in the northeast and Midwest were considered part of the Immigration-related work. Information about records related to YWCA work among those populations can be found in Immigration and Foreign Communities in Subseries B of this Series. The 1970 Convention and its associated Institutes, Workshops, and Consultations resulted in more broadly conceived "Racial Justice" work which eventually came to include all oppressed groups. Records related to this period of YWCA are described below under Part 3. Early work with American Indian and "Colored" YWCA members was more-or-less completely segregated within the National Association. This approach was gradually replaced, at least as concerned African-Americans, by "interracial" work. As indicated above, the concept of the work changed with the 1970 Convention and its associated One Imperative Program to a "Racial Justice" approach. The records in this Subseries are arranged in three sections reflecting these shifting concepts. Part 1 is records of American Indian work, 1892-1945; Part 2 is records related to "Colored" and "Interracial" work up to 1970; and Part 3 is records of "Racial Justice" work, 1970-2002. PART 1. AMERICAN INDIAN WORK, 1892-1945 Historical Note American Indian women became involved in the YWCA movement through Student Associations affiliated with the predecessor organization, the American Committee. The first American Indian woman to join a YWCA group was probably Susan La Flesche, an Omaha who joined the Student Association at Philadelphia Woman's Medical College in the 1880s. The American Committee established Associations at several Indian schools in the 1890s, including Haworth Institute and Bacone College for Indians. After its establishment in 1906, the YWCA of the U.S.A. continued the work through its Student Committee, hiring Edith Dabb, a white woman, as a Special Worker in Indian Schools in 1909. Two years later, the YWCA developed a plan to place religious work directors in the largest American Indian schools. Religious education, physical fitness, and health were early goals of work. As time went on, the program placed more emphasis on "self expression," "courage," opportunities for higher education, and leadership training. In 1917 the YWCA hired its first professional American Indian worker, Lucy Hunter, a Winnebago, who worked for the Student Department in Oklahoma and Southwest. Several other Native Americans joined the staff, including Ella Deloria (Anpetu Wastewin), a Sioux who became the Health Education Secretary for Indian schools. The first summer camp for American Indian girls took place in Kansas in 1922; the next year, three more camps opened across the country. From 1922-31, staff moved to the Department of Indian Work in the Field Division. In addition to coordinating programs for Native American women, they produced publications and other program materials about American Indians and their culture for use by other YWCA groups. In addition to the traditional educational work for Indian women, the Department coordinated services similar to those provided through the Department of Industrial Work, such as vocational training and housing for young women moving to cities and towns for work. The 1931 National staff reorganization integrated the Department of Indian Work into the National Services Division. Work in the 1930s and 1940s continued to focus on providing education and leadership skills to Native American women. Concerns about education, health and economic opportunities for Native American women as well as the end of government wardship of Native American peoples became part of the public advocacy agenda and appeared in resolutions at National Conventions beginning in 1934. The YWCA's general trend of eliminating specialist constituent group staff left only one Indian Work Secretary, Bertha Eckert, by 1940 when administration of the work was moved into the Community Division. When Eckert retired in 1943, the position was eliminated. Lamenting the loss of yet another position, Community Division Executive Grace Stuff wrote in her Division report for 1940-45: ". . . we have so weakened our resources in this field that we have to recognize that we are not sustaining any useful advisory service to this part of the constituency. This is again the sample of the 'stretch out' system which we have employed over the last five years. It is lacking in realism and honesty to assume that basic staff can absorb work cut, and increase services to a variety of newly agreed upon special projects and at one and the same time sustain a volume of work which has been on the increase since 1940 from community Association needs. The National Board cannot claim work with an interracial constituency in the United States and not have within its membership young Indian women. Therefore it faces the dilemma of admitting that it ceases to be a truly interracial membership in this country or increasing services to the extent of actual increase in staff to carry defined responsibilities." While American Indian women continued as members of the Association, beyond Public Advocacy, there don't appear to have been any national efforts on their behalf until the mid-1960s when the Student YMCA and YWCA collaborated on a summer project on the Rosebud Indian Reservation. With adoption of the One Imperative at Convention in 1970 and the ensuing programs, American Indian members and their issues and concerns returned to the consciousness of the National Association, as part of its more broadly defined Racial Justice efforts. Associated activities were coordinated through the Center/Office for Racial Justice. [See Racial Justice below] Administrative History1909-1910Special Worker (Indian Schools) under Student Committee of Home Department (Edith Dabb)1910-13Secretary, Indian Schools, under Student Committee of Method Department (Dabb)1913-18Method Department (Dabb)1918Research and Method Department (Dabb and Lucy Hunter, Special Worker)1919Research and Method Department (Dabb and Susie Meek, Special Worker); Field Secretaries, Southwestern Field (Bertha Eckert)1920Research and Method Department (Dabb); Field Work Department (Meek, Student, Indian Schools); Field Secretaries, Southwestern Field (Eckert)1921Research and Method Department (Dabb); Field Work Department (Meek and Ella Deloria, Student, Indian Schools); Field Secretaries, Southwestern Field (Eckert), Pacific Coast Field (Dorothy Cate)1923-32Indian Department under Field Division (Dabb, Cate, Deloria, Eckert, and Dorothy Stevenson)1932National Services Division (Dabb, Eckert, Cate-1932 only)1940-43Community Division, Administrative Services, Indian Work (Eckert) Scope and Content-Part 1. American Indian Work, 1892-1945 The records of the American Indian work consist of general historical files; a small amount of correspondence and memoranda; miscellaneous items from YWCAs in Indian Schools; program materials; publications; reference materials; and reports. Most are dated between 1916 and 1943. Subjects reflected in the records related to YWCA work with American Indians include health, education, religion, and problems of government wardship. Educational materials created for use by the general Association membership, particularly the teenage program, deal with Indian culture and arts. After the 1970 Convention the National Association consolidated its work with various ethnic groups into a Racial Justice agenda. Materials from that era can be found with in the Racial Justice section of this series. Microfilmed Records, 1892-1947 only [see Microfilmed Records Reel List] Subject Files Interracial, Indian Work Original Format Records, 1892-1945 [see Original Format Records Folder List] The original format materials consist primarily of the records from the YWCA Central File that were microfilmed under "Interracial, Indian Work." It is a modest amount of material including general historical information; program materials and publications for and about American Indians; reports; and reference materials dating from 1892 to 1949. The few items not included in the Microfilmed Records are historical research by YWCA staff from the 1980s and some publications, particularly the hard-cover books. Related Materials Elsewhere in this Series Subseries D. Teenage and Younger Girls Program contains publications, articles in the Bookshelf, and other program materials about American Indian girls and their culture. In other Series in this Record Group SERIES I. DEPARTMENT, STAFF, AND COMMITTEES includes related material as part of Program Planning Study, 1940-41. SERIES III. PUBLIC ADVOCACY Materials relating to the work of the YWCA on behalf of, and with, American Indians regarding their social, economic, and political rights from the 1930s on. SERIES V. PROGRAM SUBJECTS in Subseries C. Music and Subseries D. Pageantry and Drama are a number of scripts and publications related to American Indians and their culture. SERIES VI. PUBLICATIONS The main YWCA serial Association Monthly/Womans Press/YWCA Magazine has regular articles on American Indians in general and on their role in the YWCA. In other Record Groups RECORD GROUP 2. PREDECESSOR ORGANIZATIONS AND NATIONAL BOARD Information about early work at Indian Schools can be found in the Records of the American Committee. RECORD GROUP 3. NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE contains some historical statistical research in LIBRARY AND ARCHIVES and DATA AND STATISTICS. RECORD GROUP 4. NATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND CONFERENCES discussion of Public Advocacy resolutions and Convention Actions RECORD GROUP 7. STUDENT WORK Most of the earlier work with American Indians was in Indian Schools under the auspices of the Student Staff. See especially the Minutes and Secretary's reports. PART 2. "COLORED," AND "INTERRACIAL," WORK, 1906-70 Historical Note NOTE: For a detailed study of race relations in the YWCA up to 1946 see: Christian Sisterhood, Race Relations, and the YWCA, 1906-46 by Nancy Marie Robertson, University of Illinois Press, 2007. Race relations represented the toughest challenge to the YWCA's identity as a membership-directed association of women. The Association's struggles over the course of the twentieth century to achieve meaningful diversity point up the tremendous difficulties faced by any national organization trying to reach consensus in a country with such a large and varied populace. The National Association approached the work in characteristically deliberative fashion, slowly and carefully studying the issues, developing recommendations, tools, and techniques it hoped would persuade its membership and the public at large that it was the duty of citizens in a democracy and of Christians to work for fundamental justice for all people. African-American women participated in a small way in the efforts of the YWCA of the U.S.A.'s two predecessor organizations. The International Board focused its efforts primarily in urban centers of the north at a time when the vast majority of the African-American population in the U.S. lived in rural areas in the south. Its roster included a small number of "Colored" YWCAs, the earliest being established in Philadelphia in 1870, but they were not generally financially stable, long-lived Associations. The American Committee included among its membership a few YWCAs in Black schools and colleges, the earliest was founded at Spelman College in 1884. In 1906 when the two predecessor organizations agreed to merge, there were four "Colored" Community Associations and fourteen Student Associations. The new National Association had an intense desire to put the divisiveness of the past behind it and establish an effective, unified, country-wide organization. As was the case when considering work with other constituent groups, committees and staff took time to make a thorough study of the "field" and whether or how the YWCA might contribute. In the case of the "colored" work, the added complications inherent in addressing race issues--including the possibility of interracial activities, conferences, and Conventions--made the Association especially cautious about embarking on the effort. In June 1907 members of the National Board met with "Southern" (a.k.a. white) women attending the Asheville Summer Conference to discuss "the Colored Question." A report of the meeting in the National Board minutes for October 2, 1907, makes clear that the National Association left it to the southern women to decide how the Association should proceed in regards to "the Colored Question." The women thanked the Board for this "courtesy" and recommended that all of the American Committee's existing "negro student associations" (which were segregated) should be received into the National Association and that "the matter of work in city negro associations be deferred for a year in the southern states." Further, they recommended that the National Board be asked to "confine the representation at the Southern Conference in future always to white delegates." The recommendations were "cordially accepted" by a National Board eager to achieve unity. The Student Committee hired Addie Waites Hunton (the first African-American hired by the National Association) to spend three months in the fall and winter of 1907-08 visiting "colored student Associations formerly affiliated with the American Committee and others that have requested affiliation to strengthen them in their work and see whether they are prepared for affiliation." After Hunton's study, the Student Committee "called" Elizabeth Ross [later Haynes] as a Special Worker for Colored Students. In addition to Student Associations, Ross visited the few "Colored" City Associations (in Philadelphia, Baltimore, D.C., and New York City) and reported to the Student Committee that the Associations had a "very vague idea of the object of the work" and the City Associations had a "general feeling of doubt towards the National Association" as to its sincerity of interest in their work. She called for increased training, more "sectional" conferences, and advocated for a general secretary in the city field. Elizabeth Ross and Addie Waites Hunton both continued to study the "city problems" on a part-time basis. Ross, did this in addition to her work with the Student Associations, and Hunton, as a Special Worker. The National Association regularly received requests from cities eager to organize a new "colored" association. The working assumption of all was that city Associations would be segregated and many of the "Colored" Associations were initially affiliated directly with the National Association "until such time as it is possible to effect a branch relationship with the local Association" (City Committee Minutes, December 1910). As a general rule, the National Association was wary of encouraging the formation of new Associations of any kind unless there was adequate community and financial support to sustain them. Eager for the new "Colored" Associations to succeed, Hunton prepared a list of suggestions related to the colored work in cities which echoed similar reports by "extension" secretaries all over the country and in the foreign field. There must be careful planning to insure a well-prepared Board of Directors and sufficient financial support, plus trained secretaries. She argued that any city lacking these essentials should be held off. As the number of Colored City Associations grew, many of them administered from the National Office, the need for a full-time secretary for Colored Work in Cities became more acute, and finally the National Association hired Eva Bowles in 1913. A "new light" (Louise Holmquist, Report to Department of Method, 30 September 1914) was brought to the work of the YWCA as a whole as a result of the May 1914 Negro Student Convention called by John R. Mott. Mott's intention was to "call to definite Christian service the leading colored men and women of the United States" (Addie W. Hunton, Report to Department of Method, 25 March 1914). The Convention brought together Black students and educators with "a few sympathetic white friends" mainly from the YMCA, YWCA, and other Christian associations. Up to that point, the social gospel promoted by the Federal Council of Churches had been defined primarily in terms of capital versus labor and efforts to bring justice to the working class. Convention speakers linked the social gospel to race issues and argued that it was the duty of Christian organizations to help bring justice to African-Americans. In her quarterly report to the Student Committee of September 1914, Colored Student Secretary Josephine Pinyon expressed her response to the Convention this way: "Now there is something that will make people realize that the colored work is . . . an integral and by no means negligible part of the responsibility assumed when the National Board was organized." This conference was followed in 1915 by the YWCA's first national Conference on Colored Work in Louisville, Kentucky. Here, the Association codified its "branch policy." The policy sought to unite all YWCA programs in a city under a single administrative unit, known as the Central Branch. Other centers, including "Colored" Associations, "Oriental" Associations, International Institutes, cafeterias, boarding homes, and neighborhood "geographic" Associations would be under administrative control of the Central Branch and share finances. Those in the National Association looking for progress in interracial cooperation hoped that this strategy would foster cooperative relationships and committees, and provide more reliable financing of the work. In reality, leadership positions in central Associations were overwhelmingly held by white women who often were not particularly interested in sharing power or changing the status quo in race relations. When the U.S. joined World War I, the YWCA became a member of the United War Work Campaign, an organization formed to raise and distribute funds to aid war relief efforts at home and abroad. The YWCA raised money, recruited war workers, and established Industrial War Service Centers and Hostess Houses. The Centers provided rest and recreation for women workers in industry. The Hostess Houses were places where servicemen could relax and visit with female friends and relations in a wholesome environment. Due to the perceived inappropriateness of white women providing recreational services for Black servicemen, the YWCA established separate "colored" Industrial Service Centers and Hostess Houses and facilitated an associated expansion of "Colored" City branches. The work, which represented a dramatic expansion of staff and program for African-Americans, was directed from the national office by Eva Bowles. A national staff which had consisted of two Black secretaries in 1917, grew to 13 in 1919. At the local level, the number of "Colored" Branches increased from 16 to 49 and secretaries from 9 to 99. African-American staff and members believed the resounding success of the wartime and extended "continuation" programs had proved them capable and deserving of leadership in the Association. An infrastructure of Branches now existed, but official YWCA policy still placed them under the direction of white-dominated central City Associations. The YW was under attack for its public advocacy for peace and disarmament and for its stands on labor laws, particularly workers' right to collective bargaining. These attacks had a very direct effect on YWCA finances during the hard economic times of the 1920s-30s. Rather than opening itself to a whole new area for criticism, the already hesitant Association returned to its pre-war policy of deference to southern white women and did not push for change. Once the administration of "Colored" Branches became the responsibility of Community Associations, national staff members shifted their focus from direct service to Associations to "interracial education," efforts mainly directed at the YWCA's white members and the public at large. Eva Bowles and others in the National Association hoped that these increased efforts, along with exposure through personal contact at interracial meetings, would gradually convince the white membership to make race relations a primary concern of the Association. The staff produced a wide array of program materials including skits, articles, newsletters, study outlines, and books to inform about the issues and offer effective techniques for group interracial work. But real progress was slow. It was not until 1922 that it became policy for National Convention to provide interracial accommodations so that Black delegates could attend. At a time when other constituent groups were establishing Assemblies and Councils to determine program and policy for their membership, the National Board recommended creation of a Council on Colored Work in 1922. This Council did not function in the same way as the Student, Industrial, and Business and Professional Councils which were responsible for oversight of a Program determined by self-governing membership groups. Its members, both white and Black, were selected by the National Board, and it functioned more like a traditional "top-down" National Board Committee. By the 1930s some white women in the YWCA came to understand that some of the problems African-Americans faced, such as lynching and other forms of racial violence, would not be solved through education alone. The death of a much-loved and highly respected former national staff member, Juliette Derricotte, in 1931 as a result of receiving sub-standard medical care after a car accident in segregated Georgia, increased the sense of urgency about refocusing the Association's efforts to address race problems. As the National Association moved into more active "interracial" (as opposed to separate "Colored") work, civil rights issues were added to the Public Affairs Program. The Program for 1932-34 included "Study and support of measures for enlarged economic opportunities for the Negro race" and "Local YWCA efforts to foster right public opinion which shall be effective in dealing with the menace of lynching and mob violence in every form." "Convention Bulletin Number V-Looking Toward a National Public Affairs Program for 1934-36" includes a section called "Our Responsibility in Regard to Special Problems of Minority Groups." Describing the relations of white and Black people in America as "crucial for the future welfare of both races and for the progress of our democratic institutions," it reads in part, "[p]roposals for different standards . . . which will place Negroes on a lower or segregated status should be opposed." Interracial cooperation, and equal treatment and opportunities for all people continued as major Public Affairs themes for the rest of the century. The staff reorganization and reduction of 1931-32 eliminated many of the specialist staff positions and moved some from direct advisory service to Community Associations into an educational role. It also eliminated the Council of Colored Work. With this reorganization came the beginnings of a shift in terminology from "Colored" Work to "Interracial" Work. Eva Bowles, moved from the Field Division to the Laboratory Division, initially praised the new staff allocation as "a real achievement in interracial set-up," but Bowles' niece later wrote that her aunt felt the reorganization would diminish "participation of Negroes in the policy making" of the Association ("Eva Bowles" by Clarice Winn Davis in the Dictionary of American Negro Biography). Bowles resigned in the spring of 1932. As the YWCA of the USA moved out of its initial period of expansion, it felt the need of a device for measuring the quality of its Associations' programs. The Standards Study (1935-39) defined a set of "principles by which Associations may be recognized as members of the National Association in good standing or sub-standard." Part Two of the Study, "The Branch Study," presented at Convention in 1938, looked at the "particularly difficult administrative and structural problem" of the metropolitan Association with one or more branches. Some city Associations had developed policies which excluded members of "Negro" branches from "electoral membership" in the Central Association, claiming that status as "branch electors," with a say only in branch activities, qualified as "electoral membership," a basic element of membership in the National Association. Pointing up the inherent injustice of such policies, the Branch Study presented the issue in stark terms: "If a local Association should write into its constitution that electorship was open only to 'white' women and girls, that Association would automatically be disaffiliated from the national organization." Noting that "the growing self-consciousness of the racial branches has made this problem more apparent," the Branch Study went on to state in unequivocal terms that the practice by some Associations, of excluding Black members from electoral membership in the Association "violates the Constitutional integrity of the Associations concerned." The 1940 Convention authorized a Commission to Study Interracial Practices in Community YWCAs, which recommended "that the implications of the YWCA Purpose be recognized as involving the inclusion of Negro women and girls in the main stream of Association life, and that such inclusion be adopted as a conscious goal." The Commission's final report, Interracial Practices in Community YWCAs, was issued in 1944 with a set of recommendations. After two years of follow up, the 1946 National Convention adopted the Interracial Charter, which not only pledged to work towards an interracial experience within the YW, but also to fight against injustice on the basis of race, "whether in the community, the nation or the world." Despite this declaration of intent, progress, particularly at the local level, was not especially brisk. At the Convention following the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision in 1954, the National Association returned to the issue of the racial segregation in the Association. Various Committees, Advisory Groups, and Work Groups reviewed the Association's progress. The Interdepartmental Committee to Coordinate Work on Racial Integration (1957-58), a special committee preparing material for the 1958 Convention Workbook, recommended formation of the Committee on Racial Inclusiveness to assure that Convention actions on Racial Inclusiveness were interpreted and carried out in every part of Association life. With the increasing momentum of the Civil Rights movement, the YWCA's public advocacy activities increased. The National Student Council was particularly active in sit-ins and protests. At its meeting in June of 1963 the National Board allocated funds to launch a country-wide Action Program for Integration and Desegregation of Community YWCAs. Dorothy Height took leave from her position as Associate Director for Training to head the program. With passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 "the practices implied in our Interracial Charter" became law. At the end of the two-year Action Program in 1965, the National Board adopted a proposal to accelerate the work "in going beyond token integration and making a bold assault on all aspects of racial segregation." It set aside $200,000 to support the effort, establishing the Office of Racial Integration (re-named Office of Racial Justice in 1969) as part of the Executive Office. In her role as its first Director, Dorothy Height helped to monitor the Association's progress toward full integration, kept abreast of the civil rights movement, facilitated "honest dialogue," aided in making best use of African-American leadership (both volunteer and staff), and helped in their recruitment and retention. Nearly thirty years after the Branch Study Report of 1938 had brought the constitutional implications of segregated Association practices to the attention of the National Association, some Associations continued to resist meaningful integration. Hoping that persuasion and education would ultimately prevail, the National Association also moved in 1967 to amend the YWCA Constitution so as to make full integration of Community Associations a condition for continued affiliation with the National Association. The Office of Racial Justice sponsored the Dialogue Program in 1967-68 in which Community and Student YWCAs held dialogue group workshops. In the following year Racial Justice Institutes were led by National Board members and staff all over the country to bring greater awareness to local YWCAs of race relations in the United States and to provide resources to encourage black economic and community development. Administrative History1907/8-Special Workers in Student Department1913-Secretaries for Colored Work; Colored Work, Cities; and Colored Schools in Method Department1916Secretaries for Colored Work, Cities; and Colored Schools in Method Department1917Secretary for Colored Work, Cities; Special Worker, Colored; in Department of Method; Special Workers for War Work Council1918-19Secretary for Colored Work, Cities; Special Worker, Colored Schools; Colored Work, Industrial; and Special War Work in Department of Method; Special Workers for War Work Council1920Secretaries for Colored Work, Cities; Girls' Work, Colored; and Colored Work, Student in Department of Research and Method; Secretaries for Student Colored Work in Field Work Department; Special Workers in Continuation Committee staff 1921-22Secretaries for Colored Work, Cities; and Girls' Work, Colored in Research and Method Department and Secretaries for Colored Work, Student; and Colored Work, Cities in Field Work Department; and Industrial, Colored on Post-Continuation Committee staff.1923-24Secretaries in City Department, Student Department, and Girl Reserve Department of the Field Division1925-26Administrator in City Department, and Secretary in the Girl Reserve Department of the Field Division and Administrator in the National Student Council1927-30Administrators of Colored Work in the City Department of the Field Division and in the National Student Council1932-39staff for Colored Work and Interracial Relations/Education in National Services Division and Program staff in Laboratory Division1940-49Program staff in Community Division1965-71Office of Racial Integration/Racial Justice (name change 1969) Scope and Content-Part 2. "Colored," and "Interracial," Work, 1906-70 Records related to "Colored" and "Interracial" work consist of general historical materials; committee minutes; files on related activities in various YWCA departments; files on policies and practices of Community Associations; records of YWCA and National Conferences, Consultations and Workshops; records of relations with a few related organizations; programs and projects files; publications; reference files; reports; studies; and training materials. The records in this section largely consist of materials gathered together under "Interracial" in the National Association's central Subject File and focus almost entirely on relationships between Black and white women. These items were compiled from various department and committee records to provide YWCA staff with useful information about the subject. While they provide a serviceable introduction to the work, there is much material elsewhere in the records, particularly in the various departments in which the "colored" secretaries served. In fact, the central nature of this difficult struggle in YWCA history means that there is almost no portion of the records where the topic is entirely absent. Included are selected reports, memoranda, and other general materials about "Colored" and "Interracial" work in various YWCA departments. The Public Affairs files are especially extensive. Administrative responsibility for racial justice activities was more centralized after establishment of the Office of Racial Integration in 1965, and especially after the One Imperative Convention in 1970. [see "Racial Justice" work below] Over the years YWCA staff compiled information for its central Subject Files on African-American staff members, actions taken at Convention involving the constituency and racial justice issues, and YWCA policies and statements about the work and about YWCA-owned properties. There is also extensive historical research on the "Colored" Work in the YWCA, 1907-20 by Jane Olcott Waters. Self-studies, dated between 1919 and 1959 and primarily about "racial inclusiveness" policies in Community Associations, indicate both the YWCA's dogged efforts to achieve meaningful integration within the Association, and the slow pace of progress. The Studies perhaps demonstrate most clearly the difficulties of being a national membership-directed organization in a country with such widely divergent attitudes. Publications include pamphlets, books, study outlines, program materials, and serials. There are publications about YWCA work with African-American women and about YWCA policies and practices; a history of the Work of Colored Women during World War I; and techniques for improving race relations, including program suggestions and educational materials. The "Interracial" records also contain files on racist incidents involving YWCA staff and the National Association's response. These include correspondence and other materials about the death of Juliette Derricotte. The Minutes and Reports filed here are of the Committees with primary responsibility for "Colored" work, interracial education, and racial justice policies, 1917-70. The Reports include some of the regular secretarial reports written by African-American staff members (others can be found in the records of their Department or Committee in other Record Groups), some miscellaneous reports, and three 1950s reports on racial inclusiveness and combating racism. Conference files include reports, brochures, and local arrangements materials related to YWCA "Colored" and Branch Conferences, and other YWCA Conferences and workshops for training and interracial dialogue. There are also files on a few national non-YWCA conferences on race relations and civil rights. The bulk of the Project files are related to the Action Program, Project Equality, and the Dialogue Program from the 1960s. Microfilmed Records, 1906-70 only [see Microfilmed Records Reel List] The "Interracial" records and Minutes and Reports on the microfilm were not discarded after filming, so most of the microfilmed records can also be consulted in original format. The Local Associations files include records of interactions between "Colored" Branches (often named Phyllis Wheatley Branch) and the National Association. They appear on the microfilm (along with other types of branches and International Institutes) following the general records for that Association. For example, under North Carolina, general records about the Charlotte Association appear on reel 199 at microdex 3. These are followed by "Charlotte-Phyllis Wheatley Branch.") These records were discarded after filming, so are only available on microfilm. Records can be found on the microfilm under: Minutes and Reports Colored Work [includes Colored Work Council and other groups as well as "History of Colored Work, 1907-20" compiled by Jane Olcott Waters]Racial Justice CommitteeRace Relations Committee Subject Files InterracialFields and Field Work, Policy, Colored Work 1921Local Associations Usually under Phyllis Wheatley Branch, filed alphabetically by state and then City/Name of the Association Original Format Records, 1907-2002, n.d., 18 linear feet [see Original Format Records Folder List] The records in this section are arranged in the following units General and History CommitteesDepartments, Divisions, and OfficesCommunity AssociationsConventions, Conferences, and ConsultationsOrganizationsPrograms and ProjectsPublicationsReference materials Reports Studies Training PART 3. "RACIAL JUSTICE" WORK, 1970-2001 Historical Note Just prior to the 1970 Convention, 500 Black women came together for a National Conference of Black Women in the YWCA. Their report to the full YWCA membership at Convention said in part: "We are solidly united in determination to close the gap between the YWCA ideals as stated in the purpose and YWCA practices. We will no longer tolerate false liberalism . . . Recognizing that the YWCA cannot be all things to all people, we demand that it put its full force behind one issue inherent in all of the imperatives stated in the 1970 Convention Work Book. That imperative is the elimination of racism wherever it exists and by any means necessary." After intense discussion, the Convention delegates voted to adopt "The One Imperative." Following Convention, the Office of Racial Justice sponsored a series of workshops, institutes, consultations, and meetings as part of the One Imperative Program. Various groups of YWCA women-Asian-American, Native-American, Puerto Rican, white, black, and others--attended consultations. In the course of this process, the YWCA's goal of "integration and desegregation" was recharacterized as a racial and social justice agenda. What had been defined by the Association as essentially a white and black issue, now encompassed all ethnic groups. The One Imperative Program also included the Action Audit for Change, a process by which Community and Student Associations audited their progress on racial justice issues including policies and programs. The National Board went through a similar process in the later 1970s. As of the 1976 Convention, regular Action Audits were made part of the periodic comprehensive review of Associations that were required for continuing affiliation with the National Association. In the 1990s Racial Justice staff worked to document and distribute successful racial justice and diversity initiatives; develop racial justice program resources and provide training; work with associations to develop strategies to eliminate institutional racism in education, law enforcement, housing, health care, and financial institutions at local, state and national level; and plan two public awareness events, the National Day of Commitment to Eliminate Racism, and the YWCA Week Without Violence. By adding "Human Rights," to the name of the office in 1997, the Association officially extended its work to fight oppression of all groups, not just those based upon race or ethnicity. Administrative History1969-71Office of Racial Justice1972-c.1983Center for Racial Justice under Program and Development Unit1984-91Assistant to Executive Director for Racial Justice in Executive OfficeSep 1992-Racial Justice Center1997-Office of Racial Justice and Human Rights Scope and Content-Part 3. "Racial Justice" Work, 1970-2002 Records related to "Racial Justice" Work consist of general historical materials; committee records; Racial Justice Center and Office files; general and reference files on American Indian and Mexican-American women; information about racial justice programs at Community and Student Associations; Conference files; program files; information about a few public advocacy activities; publications; and training materials. Though the records reflect the expanded Racial Justice agenda, which included all women of color and eventually all oppressed groups, but the bulk of the records deal with black and white relations. As is the case elsewhere in the records, very few records have survived from between 1970 and 1988. The records document the intense activity following the National Convention in 1970 and its associated institutes, consultations, meetings, and workshops, as well as the continuing One Imperative Program. Conference files include planning materials and reports from conferences and consultations with black, white, Native American, Asian-American, and Puerto Rican women in the YWCA. One Imperative Program files include records about the development of the Action Audit for Change self-study process for Community and Student YWCAs. The 1970s also saw a flurry of new Racial Justice publications. Records from the 1990s and up to 2001 indicate a similar concentration of activity. There are files on the Racial Justice [and Human Rights] Office's responses to renewed Ku Klux Klan activity and hate crimes against homosexuals in late 1990s as well records of the Racial Justice Convocation in 1990 to develop a Racial Justice agenda for the Twenty-first century and a follow-up Conference in 1999. There are also planning materials, correspondence, and other records related to the public awareness campaigns of the late 1990s, including the National Day of Commitment to Eliminate Racism and its associated Stop Racism Youth Challenge and Race Against Racism; as well as Statewide Days of Dialogue on Race Relations in 1998. 1990s records of training activities include the Mission Empowerment process, stressing the One Imperative, and the Racial Justice Training Manual, 1996. Microfilmed Records, 1906-70 only [see Microfilmed Records Reel List] The records that were microfilmed date through 1970 only, so there is little on the microfilm related to the Racial Justice Work. What is there can be found in the Subject Files under Convention 1970 and Interracial. Original Format Records, 1907-2002, n.d., 18 linear feet [see Original Format Records Folder List] The records in this section are arranged in the following units General and HistoryCommittees Offices American Indian Women Community and Student Associations Conferences, Consultations, and ConvocationsMexican-American WomenPrograms Public AdvocacyPublications Training Related Materials Elsewhere in this Series Race issues were so central to Association activities that there is related material in the conference records, publications, and program materials in the files of every constituent group. Subseries A. Employed Women includes information about African-American women in Industry and "Household Employment." Subseries B. Immigration and Foreign Communities Up until 1970, work on behalf of Asian-Americans, Mexican-Americans and other groups was considered part of the Immigration work. Subseries D. Teen-Age and Younger Girls includes extensive records of segregated Teen conferences on microfilm. Elsewhere in this Record Group Microfilmed records of the National Association of Professional Workers in SERIES II. TRAINING AND PERSONNEL includes a study on the status of "Negro" workers in the YWCA, 1944-45. SERIES III. PUBLIC ADVOCACY has extensive files on the YWCA's civil rights efforts. SERIES V. PROGRAM SUBJECTS contains publications and scripts in the Music, and Pageantry and Drama subseries reflecting the National staff's experimentation with many different techniques for presenting concepts. The YWCA's main serial the Association Monthly/Womans Press/YWCA Magazine in SERIES VI. PUBLICATIONS contains many articles related to race issues. SERIES VII. WAR WORK AND DEFENSE SERVICES has records related to the greatly expanded "Colored" Work during World War I, and the Japanese Evacuee Project during World War II. In other Record Groups Materials relating to race relations and racial justice can be found throughout the records, especially in the following: RECORD GROUP 3. NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE, SERIES I. GENERAL ADMINISTRATION under Racial Justice has correspondence related to Civil Rights activities dating from the late-1950s through the mid-1960s. RECORD GROUP 4. NATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND CONFERENCES has records of resolutions and actions, plus reports of major studies presented to the membership at Convention. Proceedings often include extensive transcriptions of discussions and debate at Convention. RECORD GROUP 7. STUDENT WORK Since the first African-American national staff members were employees in the Student Department, the earliest records about the work can be found in this Record Group. Through the years, the Students often advocated the more radical positions in the Association. They were active in the Civil Rights Movement and in other racial justice activities and participated in a number of "human relations" summer projects in the 1960s. RECORD GROUP 8. COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS Local Associations files on the Microfilm contain some records of interactions with various kinds of Branches including "Colored" or "Negro" and Japanese Branches. There are also community studies on interracial relations and studies and reports on work with Mexican women. Original format Community Associations files contain some Action Reports completed as part of the accreditation process. RECORD GROUP 10. AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS contains footage of 1990s Convocations, conferences, and meetings, as well as a variety of educational video presentations about racial justice issues. Elsewhere in the Sophia Smith Collection: See also the personal papers of Dorothy Spellman, R. Elizabeth Johns, Norma Stauffer, and Dorothy Height; and the Southern Women, the Student YWCA, and Race (1920-1944) Collection. SUBSERIES D. TEEN-AGE AND YOUNGER GIRLS Historical Note YWCA work with young girls began in the U.S. as early as 1881 with the founding of the Little Girls' Christian Association of Oakland, California. Girls' YWCA Clubs were formed in City Associations, in private high schools under the auspices of the Student Department (which had responsibility for the "older younger girl"), in churches, and, in parts of the country where there was no nearby YWCA, they were sometimes established in public high schools. At the time of the founding of the National Association in 1906-07 there were so many younger girls taking part in the movement that the first national conference of YWCA employed officers in 1909 took as its general topic "The Young Girl." Across the country and without much supervision, the girls had proved themselves "on hand and not under foot" (Elizabeth Wilson Fifty Years of Association Work Among Young Women) to such a degree that the National Association took note and began to coordinate the work. The National Association added a Special Worker for Junior Work to the City Department in the Department of Method in 1911. After studying the situation, she concluded that the Association would only "obtain satisfactory results" by placing the junior work "on a par with all other departmental work being done in local Associations," noting that this would never be accomplished "so long as the junior work is regarded as an appendage to be tolerated, rather than as a legitimate piece of Association work." Many Community Associations proceeded to establish a "Junior Department" to oversee Clubs and activities for members between the ages of ten and sixteen. They were encouraged to hire trained Secretaries dedicated to the work. "It began to be recognized by all that, if the Association movement was really to help girls to help themselves to become women citizens of intelligence and power, there must be secretaries in the movement who understood educational methods of work with girls of this age." ("History of the Growth of Work with Younger Girls in the YWCA," by Gertrude Gogin, The Workshop Series no. 1, circa 1927) The new Girls Work Secretaries, began experimenting with the "fundamentals of character-building work with girls." A plethora of names and schemes emerged for these groups, among them "Rainbow Clubs" for very young girls, "Be Square Clubs" for young working girls, and for the rest, "Girl Aides," "Silver Link Girls," "Four Square Girls," and "Triangle Girls." Concurrently, the National Association encouraged a new approach to Association work in general, seeking to adapt the organization to the girl rather than adapting the girl to the organization. The "most important principle beginning persistently to emerge was that a girl's real growth is dependent upon her learning for herself through experience." ("History of the Growth of Work with Younger Girls in the YWCA," by Gertrude Gogin, The Workshop Series no. 1, circa 1927) In order to be effective it could not be work "for" girls, but work "with" girls. At Convention in 1913, the membership voted, at the request of the girls, to abandon the term "Junior Department" in favor of their preferred "Girls' Department" and in 1915 the age range for membership in Girls' programs was changed to twelve to eighteen years. The Eight Week Club scheme, inaugurated in the summer of 1913, paired college students home for the summer with younger girls to form clubs of "friendship and service" during the school vacation. The plan gave the college women a chance to practice their leadership skills and introduce a new generation to the work of the Association. World War I brought about a desire in the general population to organize for community service. According to the new National Girls Work Secretary, Gertrude Gogin, this general desire came to include "the understanding that one of the most vital factors in community life was the girl in her teens." Gogin, began her work late in 1917 with six months' study of existing programs. She concluded that "the only way to have constructive work with younger girls was to have a national program which would bring about unity and standards to our work." " . . . [W]e have had any one of 57 varieties according to the taste and ability of our local Associations. This has meant no really constructive help from headquarters to fields nor from fields to locals. There was no means for transmitting ideas for everyone was doing something different." (Gertrude Gogin, Annual Report to the Department of Method, 1918) To remedy this situation, the National Association established the Girl Reserve program, which was "born" in September of 1918. The National Association distributed written materials outlining "specific and different programs" for grade school girls, high school girls, and young employed girls (girls at work under age eighteen). At the same time Girls' Work Secretaries were added to nine of the Field staffs. Girl Reserve staff worked in close cooperation with the Student Department on the high school program and the Industrial Department on the program for young employed girls. Designed to give a sense of unity but not uniformity to the work, the program included special Girl Reserve songs, ceremonials, conferences, training programs, and a uniform. In a statement written about 1923 at the request of the YMCA, Gertrude Gogin outlined the program and explained, "The name, 'Girl Reserve' is not a military term. A Girl Reserve is a girl who is constantly storing up, putting in reserve, more of those qualities which will help her to take her place as a Christian citizen in her home, her school, her church, and her community." The earliest forms of organization for the youngest members were "Triangle Clubs," small groups of fifteen to twenty seventh and eighth graders. Senior high-school student clubs were self-governing with a slate of officers and standing committees. Young employed girls belonged to "YGBI" (Younger Girls in Business and Industry) Clubs, a program that placed a greater emphasis on recreation. The rapidly increasing contingent of Girl Reserve Secretaries formed their own section of the National Association of Employed Officers at their 1922 meeting. By 1927 Gogin described the work as "not a pattern program of work for girls, but . . . instead an evolving educational process of work with girls." It was a "movement" based on modern scientific educational methods, attempting "to help girls better to understand how to make right choices." ("History of the Growth of Work with Younger Girls in the YWCA," by Gertrude Gogin, The Workshop Series no. 1, circa 1927) Publications were one of the primary contributions of the National Association to the movement. In addition to a lively and informative serial publication, known as The Bookshelf, the Womans Press cranked out a wide array of books, manuals, pamphlets, work tools, skits, etc., for the girls themselves, for their parents, and for their club leaders. Designed with the younger audience in mind, they deal with classic YWCA topics such as citizenship, religion, health, and interracial and international relations. The National Staff also made a sort of specialty of female adolescent development, writing books, articles, and pamphlets for use by the Association and the general public. Many girls had their first YWCA exposure at summer camps run by Community Associations. By the late 1920s, the Girl Reserve Program included Regional Conferences for those who went on to deeper involvement with the Girl Reserve. GR Conferences, like those for other groups, combined recreational and educational activities. They offered experience in leadership, democracy in action, and community-building. All of the standard YWCA subjects were presented using techniques designed to be age-appropriate. After World War II, the Association noted less interest among the girls in "long-continued club projects of a more serious nature," and increased desire for more informal recreational activities, particularly "good-times in the evening" in a co-educational (but chaperoned) setting. Ever younger members were requesting co-educational parties and the "help on boy-girl relationships." Program focused on "problems of social concern," career/work decisions, community service projects, the arts, and religion. ("New Times Bring New Ways of Work in the YWCA" by Elise Moller, Religious Education, March-April 1943) As the program adjusted to the post-war world, it changed name to "Y-Teen" in 1946 "recognizing that youth is not merely in reserve to adulthood, but is a unique and important time of development." ("Youth Development in the YWCA: Goals and Issues," 1994) In 1947 the Y-Teens held their first joint high school conference with the YMCA. As with the college students, there was much interest among the girls in cooperative work with the YMCA in the 1940s and 1950s. In 1948, the National Association initiated "Teen Roll Call" (later known as "Y-Teen Week"), a campaign to build national and community support for the teen program. Y-Teens were invited to attend Convention as visiting delegates for the first time in 1949. The events included the first Teen Assembly. It was not until 1956 that this younger constituency had its first National Conference. The emphasis for this and two later national conferences in 1959 and 1965 was youth's role in national and world affairs. After World War II, the National Association eliminated or drastically cut back on Program for most constituent groups. By the 1960s, national programs were most likely to be short-term, funded through U.S. government or foundation grants, and run at a few Community Associations on a more-or-less "demonstration" basis as a means of devising program models that could be replicated by other organizations. They tended to be "problem-focused" and designed to serve youth in high risk environments. These programs included the Summer Youth Demonstration Project (1967), the National Youthworker Education Project (1970s), the Juvenile Justice Program (circa 1978-81); the Youth Employability Project (1980-83), the Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program (1980s), and Women as Preventors-An Adult-Teen Partnership dealing with issues related to alcohol abuse (1980s). In response to student unrest and the youth movement of the late 1960s and early 1970s, a National Staff reorganization of the early 1970s briefly linked responsibility for teens, college students, and younger YWCA members in a Youth Constituencies Unit. In 1973 Convention voted to authorize a National Teen Organization to bring teens more directly into the National Association's decision-making process and the Convention voting age was lowered from seventeen to fifteen. It was an acknowledgment by the whole Association that its long term health depended on the involvement of its younger members. One product of this era was the Teen Counseling Project of 1973-74. Though carried out in a different manner, the Project was essentially one more example of the traditional YWCA approach to its work, a study to determine the needs of the group. The National Teen Organization planned the project in cooperation with the YWCA Resource Center on Women and the Bank Street College of Education. Teens in four diverse communities (El Paso, Texas; Greenville, South Carolina; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and South Bend, Indiana) helped to design a questionnaire to collect information from teen women of widely diverse backgrounds. With the data collected, the Project gathered follow-up information by holding a workshop in each city for teens who had completed the questionnaires. Each workshop was planned and run by teens with help from two adult consultants. Among the top priorities detailed in the Project's final report, "Attention is Needed Action is Called For: Teen Women Talk About Their Needs," were help in finding jobs and job training, sex education (particularly birth control information), more and better recreational opportunities, and drug information and rehabilitation programs. In the late 1980s, the National Association obtained funding for production of three videos to present information about sexuality and pregnancy prevention to teens. "It's Okay to Say No Way!" (1986) is a music video "to convey a message in their medium, using their language." "Lovesick" and "Crush" (1989) were designed to encourage discussion and feature eleven to sixteen year olds talking about love, life, honesty, and friendship. Another of the YWCA's periodic Studies to assess needs, the Youth Development Planning Project (1992-94), sought to change the emphasis of YWCA programs for teens in light of research that showed that problem-focused youth programming had only limited success. The "new" approach, "positive youth development," brought back some traditional YWCA girls work themes. Though the terms used to describe the program were of the 1990s, its aims hearkened back to the concept of the Girl Reserve as "a girl who is constantly storing up, putting in reserve, more of those qualities which will help her to take her place as a Christian citizen in her home, her school, her church, and her community." The outcome of the study was the Youth Development Program, introduced in 1994. It sought to replace quick fixes for young people in crisis with long-term programming aimed at helping ten- to eighteen-year-olds develop to their full potential. While Community Associations continued their prevention and remediation programs for youth in high risk environments, the new approach emphasized "positive youth development" with core program themes of Empowerment, Health Promotion and Sports, Community and Leadership, and Family Life. National initiatives under this program included TechGYRLS, NetPrepGYRLS, the Mott Pregnancy Prevention Evaluation, YWCA/PepsiCo Girls Leadership Program, and a variety of sports and fitness programs for girls. Administrative History[1910]Secretaries for high schools, and private and preparatory schools under Student Committee in the Method Department1911Special Worker, Junior Work, under City Committee and Secretaries for high schools, and private and preparatory schools under Student Committee in the Method Department1913Secretary for Girls' Work under Method Department and Secretary for secondary schools in Student Committee1919Department name changed to Research and Method1920Secretaries for Girls' work; Girls' work, Colored; and secondary schools in Research and Method1920 FebGirls' Work Bureau1923Girl Reserve Department of Field Division1932Girl Reserve staff in Laboratory Division and National Services Division1933Special Worker in Laboratory Division (study on work with younger girls); and Girl Reserve Program in Leadership Division1934-39Girl Reserve Program in Leadership Division1940-42Group Interests in Community Division1943-44Program Staff ("Girl Reserve") in Community Division1945Constituency ("Younger Girls") in Community Division1946Constituency ("Teen-Age Program") in Community Division1947Community Division-headquarters based and regionally based1950Community Division, just headquarters based1952Leadership Services?1959Consultant, Teenage Program in Leadership Services1960-70Consultant, Teenage Program in Community Division1971-Teen in Youth Constituencies (headquarters and region)1977-83Teen Program Consultant in Program Unit1984-92?Teen Program Consultant and Teen Sexuality Education Program in Program Services Division1994-Youth Development Program Scope and Content Records in this Subseries include general and historical files; department and committee records; conference records; program and project files; publications; reference materials; reports, studies, and a few scrapbooks and records from Community Association camps and clubs. Because work with teenagers was seen as the future of the organization, all of the standard YWCA topics appear in the teen materials. Records related to "Girls Work" appear to have been gathered together and maintained as a category beginning with the staff reorganization after World War I. These records contain isolated earlier items, but researchers should also consult minutes of the Student Department (in RECORD GROUP 7), the Research and Method Department (in SERIES I of this Record Group), and reports by Junior Work and Girls' Work Field Secretaries in the City, Town, and Rural Communities Departments (in RECORD GROUP 8.) The extensive Conference materials (primarily on the microfilm) can include: planning materials such as, local arrangements, mailings, study materials; items for use during the conference such as programs, schedules, handouts, training materials, daily meditations, skit scripts, song sheets, and bulletins with drawings and other art work, poetry and fiction by conference participants; summary materials such as reports, participants lists, financial, training materials, and evaluations. The records contain files on separate segregated conferences in the Southern Region up to 1946. Programs and Projects files are mainly from the 1970s-90s and include projects related to employment, pregnancy prevention and sexuality education, empowerment and "development." The extensive teen publications include handbooks and yearbooks for Girl Reserves and Y-Teens; program materials; educational materials on "citizenship," health, sex education, interpersonal relations, interracial relations, leadership, and World Fellowship; and manuals and training materials for staff and volunteers working with teens. The main teenage serial, The Bookshelf, is especially comprehensive, with articles written by a wide variety of National staff members. Subjects covered include nature study, interracial relations, child labor, employment/industrial issues, games, arts and crafts, sex education, health, nutrition, recreation, citizenship, psychology, vocations, and environmental conservation. Secretaries' reports provide wonderful documentation of the expansion of the teen work in the 1920s and early 1930s. Studies include the main 1920s-40s YWCA studies of the teen field and an extensive 1998-99 survey of adolescent programs offered by Community YWCAs. Microfilmed Records, 1906-70 only [see Microfilmed Records Reel list] For the years covered by the microfilm, the teen materials are much more extensive on microfilm than what has survived in original format, the major exception being publications. The Conference files are especially rich, and there are good materials about teen projects during World War II. Teen records can be found on the microfilm under: Minutes and Reports Girl Reserve Staff and CommitteeTeenage Program Committee Subject Files Economics, [National YWCA] Consultation [on work with economically deprived adolescent girls], 1965-67Fields and Field Work, Policy, Younger GirlsGirl ReserveIndustrial, Young GirlsLabor, YouthLeadership, N.A.P.W., Girl Reserve [Section]O.O. [Outside Organizations]--Religious, YMCA, Hi-YO.O. [Outside Organizations]--YouthSocial WorkTeen AgeY-Teen Original Format Records, 1907-2001, 15 linear feet [see Original Format Records Folder List] The Minutes and Reports were not discarded after filming and constitute the main overlap with the microfilmed materials. The original format materials contain a larger selection of publications, including the wonderful teen serial, The Bookshelf. Programs and Projects from the late 1960s into the 1990s are fairly well documented. The Original Format Records are arranged as follows: General and HistoryDepartment and CommitteesConferences, Consultations, and WorkshopsPrograms and ProjectsPublicationsReference MaterialsReportsStudiesMiscellaneous Related Materials In other Subseries in this Series: Additional materials about the Younger Girls in Business and Industry Clubs can be found in Subseries A. Employed Women. One of the Studies in Subseries B. Immigration and Foreign Communities is on the American-born daughters of immigrants. In other series in this Record Group: Some of the earliest discussions of the teen work are in the Minutes of the Department of Research and Method in SERIES I. DEPARTMENT, STAFF, AND COMMITTEES. The reports include early reports of junior and girls work secretaries. SERIES V. PROGRAM SUBJECTS has records related to teen work in Subseries A. Camping and Outdoor Recreation, Subseries C. Music (including Girl Reserve songs and songbooks and the 1965 Y-Teen Folksong Project), and Subseries B. Health (Sports and Fitness Programs for girls, 1990s). The YWCA's main serial, the Association Monthly/Womans Press/YWCA Magazine in SERIES VI. PUBLICATIONS contains many articles related to teen-agers in the YWCA. In other Record Groups: Because it was the "representative and executive" committee of the National Association, the National Board's minutes in RECORD GROUP 2. PREDECESSOR ORGANIZATIONS AND NATIONAL BOARD contain many discussions of girls and teen work. RECORD GROUP 4. CONVENTIONS AND CONFERENCES has information about National Teen Assembly and teen participation in Convention. Work with high school students was initially the province of the Student Department in RECORD GROUP 7. STUDENT WORK. There are also records about Eight Week Clubs. Visitation reports of secretaries are in SERIES I. SERVICES TO COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS of RECORD GROUP 8. COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS. The microfilmed records in SERIES IV. COMMUNITY ASSOCIATIONS FILES contain local studies of Teen Programs and needs. RECORD GROUP 9. PHOTOGRAPHS contains many photographs of teen age program. RECORD GROUP 10. AUDIOVISUAL MATERIALS includes the Youth Development Program videos "It's Okay to Say No Way!," "Lovesick," and "Crush." There are also audio and videotapes of some Teen Assemblies and Conferences from the late 1970s to the 1990s. In personal papers: The Elizabeth Steel Genne Papers contain additional information about the Teen Sexuality Education Project SUBSERIES E. YOUNG ADULTS Historical Note The Young Adult constituency was a product of the post World War II era. It encompassed all members between the ages of 18 and 35, whether or not they were in school or college, or employed outside of the home. The National Association had found that membership in its remaining constituent groups (the Councils for employed women, college students, and teenagers) had declined while the number of new "YW-Wives" groups for young homemakers was growing. Unable financially to support specialized staff for all of these groups, the National Association combined them. Young Adult staff were in Leadership Services, Membership Services, and the Community Division. They were given responsibility to facilitate the activities of the Councils, Assemblies, and YW-wives groups; to act as a resource; and to produce training and written materials. The largest groups within the new Young Adult constituency were the College Students and Teenagers. These two groups each had unique needs: while most constituent groups within the YWCA were members of Community Associations, the College Students were responsible for administering their own Associations, and effective work with teenagers required specific training. The National Association maintained staff dedicated to these two groups, and their official association with the Young Adult constituency was relatively short-lived. Groups for "Home Women" started forming in Community YWCAs soon after World War II to provide companionship, adult education, recreation, and a "day out." They were recognized nationally as YW-Wives at the Convention in 1949. As declining participation in the Employed Women's Councils threatened their continued existence, the Employed Women and YW-Wives agreed at Convention in 1955 to try working together for the next triennium. The Young Adult Assembly emerged as "a new opportunity for all young adults to have a national voice." The group encompassed employed women, wives, and young women in YWCA residences, classes, and interest groups, but did not include College Students or Teenagers. The group adopted objectives at its National Young Adult Assembly in 1958. As the post-war baby boom generation approached its teens, the National Association became concerned with how few of them were involved in the YWCA. It resolved at Convention in 1961 to place increasing emphasis on its work with teens and young adults. Once again working to adapt the Association to the girl, rather than the girl to the Association, staff searched for appropriate and effective ways to structure programs for the new generation. The constituency was re-defined as encompassing 17 to 25 year olds, and groups were organized in a variety of ways, sometimes just for employed women, sometimes for the entire constituency, sometimes coeducational, and sometimes single sex. The concerns of the group evolved as well. The post war program centered around marriage, education, establishment of a home, and choice of religious affiliation. By 1964 the priorities of the Young Adult Assembly included, education and employment, racial integration, sex morality, mental health, the role of women in society, civic responsibility and political action. At the National Young Adult Conference, in November of 1969, the group changed its name to Young Women Committed to Action and delineated its priorities as child care, housing, drugs, and continuing education. The Conference received considerable national press attention as a "Youth Rebellion" where resolutions were put forward to legalize marijuana and "hand out the Pill." Despite its well-publicized beginnings, Young Women Committed to Action was short-lived. The group was officially discontinued at Convention in 1979 due to lack of participation. Administrative History1949-59Various staff members in various departments1960-70Consultant, Young Adult Program in the Community Division 1971-79Youth Constituencies Unit Scope and Content Records related to the Young Adult work consist of sporadic minutes, general historical materials, conference files (1951-69), some Council records, a few program and project files, publications, and materials from a workshop in 1964. As elsewhere, very few records have survived from 1970s and 1980s. Microfilmed Records, 1906-70 only [see Microfilmed Records Reel list] The microfilmed records are more extensive than those in original format. Young Adult records can be found on the microfilm under: Minutes and Reports Young Adult Council Subject Files Young AdultYWCA, Young MatronsYWCA, YW-Wives Original Format Records, 1948-75, n.d., 1.5 linear feet [see Original Format Records Folder list] The original format materials consist of a small amount of general historical materials, spotty minutes, publications, and some training materials from various iterations of Young Adult constituency from Home Women groups in the late 1940s to the Youth Constituencies Unit, 1974-75. Related Materials In other Subseries in this Series Earlier records of some of the groups that were consolidated to form the Young Adult constituency are in Subseries A. Employed Women, Subseries D. Teen-Age and Younger Girls In other Series in this Record Group Other records about the YWCA's "family relations" work is in SERIES I. DEPARTMENT, STAFF, AND COMMITTEES. Later records about YWCA activities related to child care services and advocacy are in SERIES III. PUBLIC ADVOCACY. In other Record Groups RECORD GROUP 3. NATIONAL ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICE has files related to the controversy stirred by the first Young Women Committed to Action Conference in 1969. RECORD GROUP 4. NATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND CONFERENCES has records about Convention actions related to the Young Adult constituency. RECORD GROUP 7. STUDENT WORK has earlier and later records of the Student constituency. RECORD GROUP 9. PHOTOGRAPHS contains photographs of YW-Wives and Young Adults.
The records are open to research according to the regulations of the Sophia Smith Collection without any additional restrictions. Access to audiovisual materials may first require production of research copies.
The YWCA of the USA retains copyright ownership of the records, but has authorized the Sophia Smith Collection to grant permission to publish reproductions or quotations from the records on its behalf. Copyright to materials authored by persons other than YWCA staff may be owned by those individuals or their heirs or assigns. It is the responsibility of the researcher to identify and satisfy the holders of all copyrights for permission to publish reproductions or quotations beyond "fair use."
Additional Formats A copy of the microfilmed records of the YWCA of the U.S.A. Records is available to borrow from the William Allan Neilson Library at Smith College via Interlibrary Loan. To request the microfilm from our library you will need to submit the following information to your library's Interlibrary Loan department: Author: Young Women's Christian Association of the U.S.A. National BoardTitle: Records, 1876-1970 [microform]WorldCat Accession Number: OCLC 57415795Notes: "Call # 689" and reel number(s) you want to borrow Full descriptions and reel lists of the microfilm are available online.
This Record group forms part of the YWCA of the U.S.A. Records
Processed by Maida Goodwin, Amy Hague, Kara McClurken, Amanda Izzo, 2008 FY 07-08
Adolescence--United States--History--20th century--Sources
lcsh
African American women--Employment--History--Sources
African American women--Social conditions--History--20th century
African Americans--Civil rights--History--20th century--Sources
Businesswomen--United States--History--20th century--Sources
Child rearing--History--Sources
Children--Health and hygiene--United States--History--20th century--Sources
Civil rights movements--United States--History--20th century--Sources
Ethnicity--United States--History--20th century
Girls--Societies and clubs--History--20th century--Sources
Immigrants--United States--History--20th century-- Sources
Indian women--North America--History--20th century--Sources
Labor laws and legislation--United States--History--20th century--Sources
Labor--United States--History--20th century--Sources
Mothers and daughters--United States--History
Race awareness--United States
Race relations--United States
Social work with immigrants--United States--History--Sources
Teenage girls--United States--History
Trade and professional associations--United States--History--Sources
Women domestics--United States
Women--Employment--United States--History--20th century--Sources
Women--Employment--History--Sources
Women in the labor movement--United States--History--20th century--Sources
Coit, Eleanor G.
lcnaf
Simms, Florence, 1873-1923
American Labor Education Service
series
SERIES IV. CONSTITUENT GROUPS
Subseries A. Employed Women
General and History
General, 1900-80, n.d.
Thesis "Relation of Grouping, Recruiting and Induction Methods, and Program Content to the Satisfactions of Group Members: A study of the described experience of members in nine YWCA clubs for employed women (young adult) in New York City and its immediate vicinity" by Christine Maher and Lucy Waller Gilliam, Columbia University School of Social Work, 1955
Ohio and West Virginia Field Federation of Industrial and Mercantile Clubs, 1916-19
Department Store Workers, 1907, 1910
Co-operating Committee, Central Club of Nurses: minutes and reports, 1909-12
Younger Girls in Business and Industry (YGBI)
General, 1922-28, n.d.
Bulletins, 1923-24
Conferences, 1924-25
BP and I Staff meetings, 1946-49
Division of Community YWCAs Committee Studying the Relationship of National Councils and Assemblies to the National Board and Convention, 1947
Ad-hoc Committee to Study the Future of Business, Professional and Industrial Council and Assembly Structure, Conferences and Program, 1948-49
Joint Study Committee of the National Industrial Council and the Industrial Sub-Committee, 1947-49
Committees
BP and I Subcommittees (joint meetings), 1948-50
BP and I Experimentation Committee (strengthening of program with employed women)
General, 1948-52
Reports: experimentation in selected communities
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Michigan
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
New York
North Carolina
North Dakota
Ohio
Pennsylvania
Rhode Island
South Carolina
Tennessee and Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Study Project with the National Council of Churches, "The Church in Economic Life"
General, 1951-52
Discussion Group Reports, 1951-52
Conferences and Consultations
Business, Professional, and Industrial
Summer
General, 1948-49
Camp Gray (Industrial and YGBI), 1925-26
Cheyney Conference for Colored Girls in Business and Industry, 1921-24
Eastern Area
General, 1946
Intermountain, Alta Lodge, Alta, Utah, 1943
Okoboji
Southwest, 1943-44, 1946-49
West Central (western part of central region), 1943-44, 1946-47
Western Area/Region/Asilomar
Weekend
General, 1946-52, n.d.
Miscellaneous locations, 1949-50
Arizona, 1939-40
Eastern, 1944-45
California, northern, 1948-49
Colorado and Wyoming, 1946
Illinois, southern, 1944, 1949
Texas-Shreveport, 1948
Tri-state (Minnesota, North Dakota, South Dakota), 1947
Business, Professional, Industrial and Agricultural conferences, 1948-50
Consultation on Industrial Women Workers and Women Service Workers, Jan 1956
Women in the 1960s-Their Job World: A Consultation, Feb 1960
Employability Consultation, 1969
Council
National
Freedom of Action Project: report, 1937
Joint sessions, 1947
National Employed Women's Coordinating Council (NEWCC), B and P Council, and Industrial Council: minutes, 1950-51
National Employed Women's Coordinating Council
General, 1949-53
Audits, 1950-52
Projects, 1950-51
Area Councils
Miscellaneous, 1949-51
Northwest, 1938-48
Western, 1939-49
Programs and Projects
Job-Corps YWCA Extension Residence Program/Women's Job Corps Extension Residence Program
General
Thesis: "An Abstract of the relation of met and unmet expectations to subsequent performance by trainees in the Job Corps YWCA Extension Residence Program" by Elizabeth Locke Wadsworth, NYU, School of Education, 1973
Job Corps Center community linkages, n.d.
Cooperative venture with Cornell University Extension Service
General, 1968-69
"Findings from a Consultation on Consumer and Labor Education"
Los Angeles Center
General, 1964-65
Proposal, 1965
"Monday Memo" mailings from JC-YWCA Director to staff of JC-YWCA programs, 1968-72
The Communicator, Apr 1973-summer 1975
Women's Training Center Staff Working Papers, circa 1969
YWCA Jobs Network Project, 1979-80
Demonstration Project in Employment of Rural Women, 1978-80
Publications
Handbooks, 1936, 1948-49
Program, 1936-45
Trends in Part-Time Employment of College-Trained Women by Eva vB. Hansl, The Womans Press, 1949
Studies
"The Responsibility of Working Women for Dependents" by Elsie Harper and Adele van A. Frank, 1938
Unemployment
Miscellaneous, 1929-35, n.d.
Resource materials, 1930-40
Committees/Commissions
Public Affairs, 1929-35
Unemployment Council, 1929-31
Emergency Committee on Unemployment, 1931
Emergency Correlating Group, 1932
Department/Division
Business and Professional Assembly, Unemployment Commission, 1931, n.d.
City Department, 1930-31
Industrial Department, 1922-30, n.d.
Rural Communities Department, 1930-31
Laboratory Division, 1931-35
National Services Division, 1932-37
Conferences and Meetings
General Conference on Emergency Brought About by the Unemployment Situation, Nov 1930
YWCA-YMCA Joint Luncheon to Consider the Urgency of Spiritual Claims on Youth in the 1933 Mobilization for Human Needs, Oct 1933
Convention resolutions, 1922-32
Cooperation
Federal Emergency Relief Administration
General, 1934-35
Publications and Reports, 1934
Work Projects for Women, 1933-34
The President's Emergency Committee on Employment
Correspondence and notes, 1930-31
Questionnaire, 1931
Summaries
Cities over 100,000 population
Cities under 100,000 population
Towns
The President's Organization on Unemployment Relief, 1932
Local Associations, 1930-35, n.d.
Bulletins on YWCA Adjustments to New Needs (Lab Division), 1933
Community Planning for Unemployed Women Without Resources: Supplement, Aug 1932
Courageous Living in Times of Crisis, 1933
Out of a Job: Proposals for Unemployment Insurance by Elsie D. Harper, 1931
Program for Girls Not Yet Employed, Bulletins I-VIII, 1933-34
Series on Social Consequences of Unemployment and Mobilization of Association Resources, Bulletins II-XIII, 1930-32
Suggestions for Self-Study and Suggestions for Self-Study in the Present Emergency (Lab Division), 1933
A Symposium on Unemployment (for Convention 1930), 1930
"Unemployment: For Leaders of Discussion Groups, A Study Outline" (aka "The Outline"), Jan 1929
Unemployment's Humpty Dumpty: A Study Course in Three Lessons for the Busy Woman, 1932
Transient and Homeless
General, 1933-41
Local Associations report, 1933
National Committee on Care of Transient and Homeless, 1932-38, n.d.
Report on housing for indigent and unattached women, circa 1937
Resource materials, 1931-38, n.d.
Business and Professional Women
General, 1919-84, n.d.
Aims and purpose, 1924-31, n.d.
Reports
Secretary, 1918-20
Secretary's job analysis, 1925-31, n.d.
Staff meeting minutes, 1944-47
B and P Women's Committee: minutes, 1919-20
National B and P Committee: minutes, 1925
Department Committee: minutes, 1927-29
National B and P Committee/Subcommittee: minutes, 1937-50
Conferences
General, 1918-46
Asilomar, 1930-36
Camp Gray, 1926-31
East Central Area, Forest Beach Camp, 1940-44, 1946-50
Eastern Region (Maqua and 'Kiski' Areas)
Maqua, 1929
Summit Lake Camp, 1932-33, 1935
Wells College
Mt. Hermon School, 1940
Wellesley College, 1942
Estes Park (Colorado), 1928-29
Forest Beach Camp, 1933-38
Great Lakes Region Leadership Conference, Mary Eells Camp, 1932
Kiski Business Girls, Kiskiminetas Springs School, 1928-31
Southern Business Girls/Southern Area Business and Professional
Blue Ridge, North Carolina, 1929-30
Camp Nakanawa, Tennessee, 1931-34
Camp Chelan, Indiana, 1935-36
Camp Merrie-Woode, N. Carolina
Camp Highland Lake, N. Carolina, 1944, 1946
Camp Chelan, Indiana, 1947, 1949
Gay Valley Camp, North Carolina, 1950
Southwest Area, Camp Mirror Lake, 1939-42
Southwest Leadership, Glen Rose, Texas, 1936-37
Weekend (fall, mid-winter, mid-year)
Arizona, New Mexico, and West Texas, 1946
Arkansas and Monroe, Louisiana, 1935-40, 1948
California, northern, 1937-45
California, southern, 1939-40
Carolinas, 1935-46
Colorado-Wyoming, 1926, 1937-45
Florida, 1935-40
Illinois, southern, 1936-38, 1946
Indiana, northern, 1935, 1940
Indiana, southern, 1936-38
Inland Empire (Idaho, Utah, Washington), 1938-40, 1947
Kansas and Missouri, 1935-43
Kentucky-Tennessee, 1935-40
Michigan, 1938-44
Middle Atlantic, 1935-40, 1949
New England, northern, 1930-41
New England, southern, 1935-46
New Jersey, 1936-46
New York, eastern, 1935-39
New York, western, 1936-40, 1950
Ohio, northern, 1936-48
Ohio, southern, 1934-46
Oklahoma, 1936-40
Pennsylvania, western, 1938
Texas-Shreveport, 1935-41, 1944-45
Tri-state Area (Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi), 1935-47
Tri-state Area (Minnesota, N. and S. Dakota), 1937-40
Tri-state Area (Ohio, Pennsylvania, West Virginia), 1937
Virginia, 1935-37
West Virginia, 1937-39
Wisconsin and Northern Illinois, 1936-45
Handbooks, c. 1942, 1946
National Council
General, 1922-48
Financial, 1926-30, 1940-50
Meetings
Questionnaire to locals re role and function of Council, fall 1947
Area/Regional Councils
Central, 1932-45
East Central (eastern part of Central Area-aka Forest Beach), 1938-50
East Central (central part of Eastern Area), 1939-46
Eastern
General, 1926-39
Minutes, 1938-50
Northwest
General, 1938-47, n.d.
Southern
General, 1940-47
Minutes
Southwest
General, 1939-42
Minutes, 1939-49
West Central: minutes, 1942-50
Western
General, 1939-43
Nation-wide/World-wide Observance, 1933-34, 1939, 1942-49
National Assembly
General, 1930-44
Commissions/Projects/Emphases
General, 1925-32
1929-31: Vocational Adjustment
Clerical Organization
Economics
Increased Development of Spiritual Resources
Increased Participation in the Association
Increased Skill in Citizenship
Progression of the Individual Girl
Cooperative Movements
Freedom of Speech
Minority Groups
Participation and Freedom of Action
Religion
Workers' Education
Youth Movement
1938-40: Economic Security
Organizations
Jewish Welfare Board/Young Women's Hebrew Association/YWCA: business girls discussion group, 1927-28
National Federation of Business and Professional Women's Clubs
General and history, 1919-41, n.d.
Constitution and by-laws, 1919, n.d.
Formation
Conference of Business and Professional Women with the National Board, May 1918
B and P Women's Conference of the Northeast and East Central Fields of the YWCA, May 1919
National Business Women's Committee, 1918-19
Conventions
First, St. Louis, Jul 1919
Program
Proceedings
Second, St. Paul, Jul 1920
Directory, 1920-21
Project: Business Office Culture
Proposal to U.S. Dept of Labor and progress report, 1968
Final report, Sep 1969
General, 1921-44, n.d.
As Told By Business Girls: Problems in Personal Adjustment by Margaret S. Quayle, TWP, 1932
The Business Girl Looks at the Negro World by Frances Harriet Williams, TWP 1937
Business and Professional Committee, 1935-40
Clerical workers, 1928-38
Dos and Don'ts for Business Women by Jean Rich (Helen Frances Thompson), TWP 1922
Jobs and Marriage? by Grace Coyle, TWP 1928
Program, 1919-36
Religion, 1920-42
The Ways of a Business Woman by Marion Lela Norris, 1924
Serials
Exchange Sheet. . .
Program Exchange
The Business and Professional News and Notes
Sep 1939-Feb 1941
May 1941-Jul 1944
"From Pay Day to Pay Day" A study conducted during 1931-32 by Elsie D. Harper, 1934
"Leisure-Time Interests and Activities of Business Girls," a research study conducted during 1931-33 by Janet Fowler Nelson
Household Employment
General, 1870-46, n.d.
Bibliographies, 1930-39, n.d.
Employment Standards, 1930-40, n.d.
Legislation, 1932-40, n.d.
"Negro," 1923-36
Placement, 1928-39
Unionization, 1933-38, n.d.
Voluntary Employer-Employee Agreement, 1930-39, n.d.
Commission on Household Employment: reports, 1915-ca. 1917, n.d.
Industrial Committee: reports by E. Beatrice Stearns, Special Worker for Household Employment, 1919-20
Sub-Committee on Household Employment of the Public Affairs Committee
General, 1930-38
Symposium co-sponsored with the Federal Council of Churches, "Fair and Clear in the Home," 1936-39
Sub-Committee on Household Employment of the Lab Division/Community Division, 1939-41
Ad-hoc Committee on Household Employment, 1945
Local associations files by state, 1932-40, n.d.
A - New Jersey
New York - Wisconsin
National Industrial Assembly and Industrial Conferences
General, 1926-38
Household Employment Project, 1931-41
National Committee on Employer-Employee Relationships in the Home, 1928-33, n.d.
National Committee/Council on Household Employment, 1934-36
General, 1940-41, n.d.
Concerns of Household Workers: Program with Household Workers in the YWCA by Jean Collier Brown, 1941
Reference materials
General, 1911-40
International
General, 1925-39
World's YWCA, 1930-38
Training Programs, 1934-40, n.d.
Industrial Work
General, 1908-80, n.d.
Thesis: "A Study of One Hundred Employed Girls and Women In Selected Factories on the North Side: Personal Data, Job Experience and Use of Free Time; Its Implications for Recruitment and Program" by Wilma Stringfellow, University of Pittsburgh School of Social Work, 1949
Correspondence
General, 1906-49
YWCA relations with employers, 1920-25
Creeds, 1921-25, n.d.
Federation of Industrial and Extension Clubs, 1912-ca. 1919, n.d.
Local Clubs/Committees
General, 1910-45, n.d.
Illinois, Chicago, 1934
Indiana, Indianapolis, 1933
Massachusetts, Lawrence, 1943-44
New York, Buffalo
General, 1924-48, n.d.
Industrial Department notebook, ca. 1948
"A Study of Backgrounds of Industrial Women of Buffalo" by Eleanor Coit, 1923
"Some Salient Facts Concerning Business and Industrial Girls of South Buffalo," 1924
Pennsylvania: Manual for Counsellors of Industrial Groups, YWCA Council of Southwestern Pennsylvania, n.d.
Mill Villages work/Southern Cotton Mills
General, 1907-33, n.d.
Monaghan Mills YWCA, Greenville, South Carolina, 1906-10
Victor Manufacturing Company YWCA, Greer, South Carolina, 1908-09
Policy
Clippings, 1920-21
Industrial Legislation, 1915-33, n.d.
Reference materials, 1910-39, n.d.
Secretaries Job Analysis, 1919-30
"Southern situation," 1925-31
Staff meetings, 1944-46
Strikes, Paterson and Passaic, 1919, 1926-27
Workers' Education, 1925-40, n.d.
World War II, 1939-44
General, 1929-31
Industrial Sub-Committee of the City Committee: minutes, 1914-16
Industrial Committee: minutes
Industrial Sub-Committee (Leadership Division/Community YWCAs Division)
Minutes, 1935-49
Hearing: Women workers and war production, Apr 1942
National Industrial Research/Inquiry Commission
General, 1924-28
Correspondence course on research methods, 1927
World Fellowship and Industry, 1925-30
General, 1928-30, n.d.
For Staff Working with Industrial Constituency, 1947
General, 1946-47
Reference materials, 1946-47
Secretaries'
General, 1920-48, n.d.
Altamont (NY and NJ), 1921-22
Central Area/Region
Dewey Lake, 1922, 1924
Forest Beach, 1923
Winona Lake, 1923
Camp Okoboji (Milford, IA), 1923-24, 1927
Camp Gray (Saugatuck, MI), 1928-37
Tower Hill Camp (Sawyer, MI)
East Central Area/Region (central part of eastern region)
Nepahwin (Canton, PA), 1922-25
Camp Caledon (PA), 1926
Camp Pawatinika (Annapolis, MD), 1927
Doubling Gap, PA, 1928
Camp Whelen (High Point, NJ), 1929-30
Forest Beach Camp (New Buffalo, MI), 1943-44, 1946-50
Eastern Area/Region
Silver Bay (Lake George, NY), 1919
Makonikey (MA), 1920
Prospect (Central Valley, NY), 1925-27
Summit Lake (Central Valley, NY)
Southern Area/Region
Blue Ridge, 1918
French Broad Camp, 1921
Lake Junaluska (NC), 1922-23, 1926
Camp Greystone (Tuxedo, NC), 1927-28
Camp Merrie-Woode (Sapphire, NC)
Camp Highland Lake (Hendersonville, NC), 1946-47
Lincoln Academy (Kings Mountain, NC), 1947
Camp Chelan (Sellersburg, IA), 1949-50
Weekend/Mid-winter
General, 1933-46
Miscellaneous, 1920-46,
California, 1936-40
East Central (Nepawhin Area), 1925-46
New England, northern, 1927-50
New England, southern, 1927-42
New York and New Jersey, 1927-41
New York, up-state, 1928-50, n.d.
North Carolina,1939-43
Northeast, 1922-32
Pennsylvania, eastern, 1929-42
Pennsylvania, western, 1928-40
Tri-City/Tri-State (Baltimore, MD, Washington, DC, Richmond, VA), 1936, 1940
West Virginia, 1929, 1939
General, 1908-1936
Handbook, 1942
Rosters, 1931-49
Rules of procedure, 1941-49
General, 1930-50
Financial, 1938-49
Meetings, 1931-49
"National Council News," 1938-40
"National Industrial Council News," 1941-47
General, 1919, 1934
Albert Lea (Iowa, Minnesota, Nebraska, N. and S. Dakota), 1915
Camp Gray (Saugatuck, MI), 1928-39
Central (Dewey Lake), 1916-21, 1939-42
East Central (central portion of eastern region), 1935-36
East Central (eastern portion of central region), 1942-49
Eastern (Camp Nepawhin), 1915-21, 1928-30, 1932-36, 1939-48
Northeastern (Altamont/Makonikey), 1915-20
South Atlantic, 1920-21
South Atlantic and South Central, 1919
Southern, 1929-49
Storm Lake (Iowa), 1916-17
West Central (Okoboji), 1924-50
General, 1924-49
Record book
Resolutions, 1936
Post-Assembly Bulletin, 1938, 1940
General, 1912-46, n.d.
Consultation on Women Workers in Industry and Service Trades: report, 1956
East Tennessee Project (extension of work in), 1929, n.d.
Florence Simms Memorial Scholarship Fund, 1924-41, n.d.
Industrial Women's Service Centers/Clubs, 1920-27, n.d.
National Industrial Progress Day
Pageantry and drama, 1931, 1949, n.d.
Recreation, 1946, n.d.
Textile Industry Writing Groups, 1931-32
U-Day (Union Day), 1945-50
Victory Program, 1942-44
History, 1920, 1928
Industrial Committee, 1916-42
Department of Industrial Work Leaflets : No. 1. How to Begin-Organization; No. 2. The Industrial Club and Its Program; No. 3. The Federation-An Industrial Movement, by Ernestine Friedmann1918-21
Industrial Work in the Young Women's Christian Association: 1. Principles and Policy and II. Program and Method, 1930
Program materials, 1920-27
Women in Industry in the Orient: A Source Book, 1926
Bulletin to Industrial Secretaries of the YWCA
[Industrial] Program Exchange
Index to 1935-36 issues
Miscellaneous, 1915-46, n.d.
Biennial/Convention
Case Studies in Local Industrial Work from reports sent to the National Industrial Department, 1929-30
Secretary
Carner, Lucy P., 1924-31
Coit, Eleanor G., 1926-28
Copenhaver, Eleanor
Coyle, Grace, 1922-25
Dieckmann, Annetta, 1922-28
Duntze, Wilma, 1929-31
Friedmann, Ernestine L., 1918-19
Gifford, Helen W., 1929-36
Grumman, Anne Sophia, 1919-20
Harper, Elsie D., 1929-30
Hubbard, Dorothy L., 1928-31
Ireland, Imogene B., 1920-21
Jackson, Mary E., 1918-21
Johnston, Alma E., 1926-27
Leonard, Louise, 1922-27
Nims, Mrs., 1931
Owers, Anna, 1921
Perry, Mary B., 1927-31
Simms, Florence, 1916-21
Stearns, E. Beatrice, 1920
Van Horn, Olive, 1921
Wood, Margaret Wells, 1918, n.d.
Wood, Mildred L., 1930
Industrial Surveys by Jeannette White, 1920
Digest of replies to letters sent out to Associations in Industrial towns, Feb 1929
"The Industrial Work of the YWCA"
Committee minutes and correspondence, 1935-37
Instructions and blank forms, Oct 1935
Preliminary report by Annabel Stewart, 1937
Final report by Annabel Stewart, 1937
"Report relating to the local industrial program of the YWCA," 1937
"Tentative Conclusions and Recommendations," Jan 1937
"Conclusions and Recommendations," Apr 1938
Follow up, 1937-40, n.d.
International Wage and Budget Study, 1929
"Married Women in Industry," questionnaire, 1926, 1929
Practical Applications of Workers' Education, by Ethel M. Smith, 1927
Training Courses
Miscellaneous, 1918-27
"Administration of the Industrial Extension Department," 1918
"The Christian Woman in Industry," 1919
"Christianity and Industry," 1919
"The Evolution of the Industrial Program of the YWCA," 1927
"Group Behavior," n.d.
"Group Work," 1928
"Industrial Technique," ca. 1918-27
"Industrial Problems," 1923, 1927
Summer Session, 1926-27
Oversize box
National Industrial Council Financial Ledger: receipts and expenditures of Industrial Clubs, 1947-49
National Industrial Progress Day scrapbook, 1945
Subseries B. Immigration and Foreign Communities
General and history
General, 1911-93, n.d.
Brochures and pamphlets, 1913-31, n.d.
"Foreign Community and Immigration Work of the National Young Women's Christian Association" by Edith Terry Bremer, 1916
Department, Commissions, and Committees
Special Committee of Research and Investigation (into the moral, physical, intellectual, and spiritual conditions of immigrant women): minutes and reports, 1910-11
Committee on Immigration and Foreign Community Work/Immigration Sub-Committee, 1915-17
Committee on Foreign Born Women/Department of Work with Foreign-Born Women, May 1920-May 1924
Immigration and Foreign Communities Department,, Oct 1924-30
Staff meetings, 1926-31
Commission on the Second Generation Girl/First Generation Americans (aka Commission II)
General, 1926-30, n.d.
Case studies, n.d.
Correspondence and memoranda, 1927-31
Minutes, 1927-31
Questionnaires
General, 1925-26, n.d.
Schedule on Family Relationships in Certain Nationality Groups, 1929, n.d.
Second Generation Study, Buffalo YWCA: minutes and reports, 1932-33
Subcommittee on Second Generation Girls to the Planning Committee of the Brooklyn YWCA, 1936
"Second Generation Youth: A discussion of American-Born Children of Foreign Parentage" by Florence G. Cassidy, TWP, 1930
"What it Means to Be a Second-Generation Girl: Talks given at the Second-Generation Youth Dinner of the YWCA," TWP 1935
General, 1911-49
"Program Letters," (correspondence re program), 1929-42
Establishment of the National Institute of Immigrant Welfare and transition period in Department
General, 1931-48, n.d.
Committee on the Place and Future of the International Institutes, 1930
Sub-Committee on Analysis of Replies from Local Associations in Regard to the Creation of a New National Agency for the Advancement of the Foreign-Born: report, 1933
[Staff] Advisory Committee on Nationality Community Interests, 1935-36
Committee on Nationality Community Interests, 1936-39
Forms for statistical reports, 1936-42
International Institutes
History
General, 1911-33, n.d.
Paper: "Americanization Through Cultural Pluralism: The International Institute Movement" by Raymond A. Mohl, AHA Meeting, 1977
Thesis: "The International Institutes of the Young Women's Christian Association and Immigrant Women" by Julia Talbot Bird, Yale University, 1932
Membership basis, 1923-40, n.d.
Personnel, 1922-43, n.d.
Philosophy of International Institutes, 1932-39, n.d.
Questionnaire re nationality leadership, 1936
Report: "Adult Education in International Institutes" by Florence G. Cassidy, 1933-34
Member autobiographies, 1931, n.d.
Vocational Guidance Bureau
General, 1920-33, n.d.
Minutes, 1922, n.d.
Case files
Frank, Rosalia, and Julia Morinyi, 1925-26
Winifred and Malachy Murphy, 1924-31
Luise Wyneken, 1924-31, n.d.
German Immigration, general correspondence, 1921-30, n.d.
Advisory Committee for Educated German Women
General, 1923-24
Case files, 1924
Russian refugees, 1923
Immigration and Foreign Communities, Pittsburgh, PA, 1917
Annual/National Conference of International Institutes
General, 1934
[5th?] Washington, DC, 1923
6th, New York City, 1924
7th, Niagara Falls and Denver, 1925
8th, Milwaukee, 1926
9th, Des Moines, 1927
10th, Pocono Manor, PA, 1928
11th, Detroit, 1930
12th, Philadelphia, 1932
Interim National Conference of International Institutes, Detroit, 1933
13th, Philadelphia?, 1934
Montreal, 1935
Indianapolis, 1937
Annual meeting, Seattle, 1938
Buffalo, 1939
National Institute Conference of International Institutes, Local Councils, and Leagues for the Foreign Born
Grand Rapids, 1940
New Orleans and Minneapolis, 1942
Cleveland, 1943
Pre-Convention Conference/Meeting of Foreign Community Departments and International Institutes of the YWCA
Columbus, OH, 1938
Atlantic City, NJ, 1940
NIIW and YWCA Eastern Region Joint Conference of International Institutes and Foreign Community Departments, Jul 1942
Nationality Community Departments and International Institute Centers of the YWCA, 1943
International Institutes and Foreign Community Departments, Feb 1945
General, 1932-43, n.d.
American Civil Liberties Union, Committee on Aliens Civil Rights, 1941-42
American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born, 1940-43
Citizens Committee to Repeal Chinese Exclusion, 1943
Committee for the Study of Recent Emigration from Europe, 1944-45, n.d.
National Citizenship Education Program of the WPA, 1942
National Council on Naturalization and Citizenship
General, 1942-43, n.d.
Conference papers, 1939-44
National Institute of Immigrant Welfare/American Federation of International Institutes
General, 1934-49, n.d.
By-laws, 1934-47
YWCA - NIIW Liaison Committee, 1934-47
Award to Distinguished Citizens of Foreign Birth, 1936-39
Committee on the Study of Three Generations of Women, 1938-39
Conference papers series, nos. 9-10, 1938-39
Conventions, 1942-48
Bulletins and Executive's Letter, 1934-41
National Institute News and National Office News, 1935-38, 1944
Study on the Status-Effectiveness of Program of International Institutes Formerly Part of the YWCA, 1940
General, 1916-22, 1945, n.d.
Backgrounds and Foregrounds in the National Public Affairs Program for the Foreign Born, 1938
Department of Immigration and Foreign Communities National Office News Letter and News Packet, 1928-32
Department of Immigration and Foreign Communities Technical Bulletins, no. I-IV, VI, VIII, X-XV, 1924-30
Department of Immigration and Foreign Communities Bulletins, nos. XVI-XVIII (1930); XX, XXI, XXIII (1931); XXIV-XXIX, 1932
English-Class Plays for New Americans by Emily Gibson, TWP, 1927
Folk Festivals and the Foreign Community by Dorothy Gladys Spicer, TWP 1923
Foreign Born, 1919-22
'Abbreviated' index
Bound copies
Handbook on Racial and Nationality Backgrounds
Section I, Peoples of the Near East, 1922
Section II, Southern and Central Europeans, 1922
Section III, Slavic Peoples, 1922
Section IV, The Far East, 1923
Section V, Spanish-Speaking Peoples, French-Canadians, 1923
Section VI, Peoples of the Scandinavian and Baltic States, 1923
International Institute cook book, circa 1930
International Institute News Packet, 1933-34
International Translation and Service Bureau publications, 1918-20
National Costumes of Slavic Peoples, The Womans Press, 1920
Quarterly Bulletin for International Institutes, Foreign Communities Departments and Others Working with Women and Girls of Foreign Background, Laboratory Division, vol. 1, no. 1-3, 6-7, 11-12, 1935-38
Wednesdays by Annie B. Kerr, TWP 1930
"The World in Brooklyn" by Annie B. Kerr, TWP 1933
Reference files
General, 1920-50, n.d.
Bibliographies, 1919-32, n.d.
"Background information" by country, n.d.
Armenia - Hungary
Italy - Ukraine
Displaced persons
General, 1949-50
World's YWCA reports, 1945-48
Folk festivals and folk materials, 1927-42, n.d.
Legislation, 1935-51
Mother tongue, 1914-38
Program materials/suggestions, 1926-38, n.d.
Race and nationality, 1933-43
Department annual and biennial, 1920-21, 1926-29, 1931-32, 1936-39
Commission on Selection and Training of International Institute Workers, 1927, n.d.
[Special] Committee of Research and Investigation, "Some Urgent Phases of Immigrant Life," 1910
International Institutes, 1928-39, n.d.
Miscellaneous, 1915-42, n.d.
Bird, Ethel, 1930, 1935
Bremer, Edith Terry, 1910-17
Currie, Adelaide, 1915-16
Ellis, Mabel (displaced persons), 1948
Hendee, Elizabeth Russell, 1921-31
Visitation
New York and New Jersey, 1940-42
North Central Field (Minnesota, Michigan, South Dakota, Indiana), 1914-42, n.d.
Northeastern Field (Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island), 1913-42
Ohio and West Virginia, 1918-42
Pennsylvania, 1931-41
San Antonio, Texas, 1935-42
Studies/Study Group
General, 1928, n.d.
Adult Immigrant Education by Dema M. Chayer, 1928-29
The Family of the Foreign Born Under Restrictive Immigration: A Study of 100 Separated Families from the Records of International Institutes, compiled by A. Yeghenian, 1927
Separated Families and the Immigration Law by Ethel Bird, 1926, n.d.
Study Group for persons working with girls of Italian background and experimental programs led by Rosina Martella, 1935-36, n.d.
Training
General, 1918-35
Foreign Community Workers Training
General, 1919-33, n.d.
Course notes and syllabi, 1922-26, n.d.
Fletcher Farm Summer School for Nationality Workers, 1929-32
Miscellaneous, 1919-33, n.d.
Miscellaneous
Foreign Born unbound preservation copies DO NOT USE
Subseries C. Interracial/Racial Justice
American Indian Work, 1892-1964
General and history, 1917-62, 1983, n.d.
Associations
Constitutions of YWCAs in Indian schools, 1892-1922
The Indian School Journal, Chilocco, Oklahoma, Oct-Nov 1943, and The Indian Leader, Haskell Institute, Lawrence, Kansas, Oct-Nov 1943
Gallup Indian Project, 1961-64
Correspondence and memoranda, 1934-49
Program materials
for use by Indians, 1928-40, n.d.
about Indians, 1929-36
Public Affairs, 1940-44
Pamphlets, 1920s-32
American Indians and Their Music by Frances Densmore, The Womans Press, 1936
Beyond the Camp Fire by Edith Manville Dabb, National Board of YWCA, 1916
Handbook on the American Indian and His Art by Ruth Perkins, The Womans Press, 1934
The Little Book of Weeks by Bertha Eckert, 1919
Women of Trail and Wigwam by Flora Warren Seymour, The Womans Press, 1930
YWCA [Indian School] Bulletin, 1925, 1932-33
Reference materials, 1928-48
General, 1913-41
"American Indian Work" by Bertha Eckert, August 1943
Wardship, 1933-43
"Colored" and "Interracial" Work, 1906-70
General, 1897-1969, n.d.
"History of Colored Work" chronological excerpts from reports of secretaries and workers and from minutes showing development of the work among colored women, 1907-20. Compiled by Jane Olcott Walters, Nov-Dec 1920
Paper, "Keep on Knocking: Some Interactions Between Black/White Women in the Development of the YWCA," Jill Wiske, 1993
"Deeper Than Race?: White Women and the Politics of Sisterhood in the YWCA," by Nancy Marie Robertson, paper given at American Historical Association annual meeting,
"The Negro in the Young Women's Christian Association: Interracial Policies and Practices in their Historical Setting" by Gladys Gilkey Calkins, Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, 1960.
Articles in the Association Monthly, Womans Press, and YWCA Magazine, 1913-68, n.d.
'Colored' or 'Negro' Branches: general, 1925-78, n.d.
National Board and National Staff
General memoranda and information, 1944-68
Consultation, Berea, Kentucky, 1961
Racial Justice Briefing Sessions, summer 1969
Policies and statements
General, 1935-65
Hotel accommodations at conferences and conventions, 1920-53, n.d.
Interracial Charter, 1944-81
Properties
Asilomar deed restrictions, 1945, n.d.
Grace Dodge Hotel policy, 1934-45
Racist incidents involving staff
Yolanda Barnett, 1944-45, n.d.
Juliette Derricotte, Nov 1931-1932
Dorothy Height, 1945
Segregation (concept), 1934-45
Staff lists, 1920-92
United Service Organizations (USO), 1941-54
General, 1917-31
Colored Work Committee, 1913-19
Bureau of Colored Work, 1920-21
Council on Colored Work, 1922-31
Subcommittee on Race Relations of the Public Affairs Committee, 1935-1949
[Potential] Washington Hotel Committee, 1945-46
Race Relations Advisory Group, 1946
Ad-hoc Work Group on Desegregation, 1955 [response to Brown]
Interdepartmental Committee to Coordinate Work on Racial Integration, 1957-58
Committee on Racial Inclusiveness, Oct 1958-61
Subcommittee on Racial Integration of the Community Division, 1965
Committee on Racial Integration/Racial Justice, 1965-70
Consultative Group on Integration, 1966
Departments, Divisions, and Offices
Industrial, 1918-40
Laboratory Division, 1933
Program Department, Interracial Education, 1938-47
Community Division, 1946-57
Leadership Services, Membership Resources
General, 1954-56
Puerto Rican Project, 1959
Public Affairs
General, 1933-69
Civil Rights Movement
General, 1946-66
"A Call to Women Who Care' 24 Oct 1966 advertisement in the New York Times, 1966-67
March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom, 1963
Open Housing, 1959-67
Student Sit-in Demonstrations, 1960-61
Lynching
Scottsboro Case, 1931-38
School desegregation and Brown v. Board of Education decision
General, 1945-59
Ad-hoc Work Group re the Implications of the Supreme Court Decision for YWCA Program (preparation for Oct 1954 National Board Meeting), 1954
National Board and Staff Meeting, Atlanta, Georgia, Dec 1954
Seminar for Experienced Staff, May 1954
Youth March for Integrated Schools, 1958
Racial Integration/Justice Office, 1965-69
Student YWCA, 1923-68
Community Associations
General, 1929-68, n.d.
Swimming Pools, policies and practices, 1932-41
Central Region, 1926-65
Eastern Region
General, 1951-65
Baltimore, Maryland, 1954-59
"'And the Pressure Never Let Up:' Black Women, White Women, and the Boston YWCA, 1918-1948," paper by Sharlene Voogel Cochrane(?), fall 1988
Southern Region
South Atlantic Field Committee meeting re administration of colored work, 3 Jul 1920
"The Relationship Between Local-Cosmopolitan Leaders and Universalism-Particularism in a Social System," MS thesis (rural sociology) by Lillian Beatrice Johnson, North Carolina State University, 1965
Western Region, 1931-45
Conventions, Conferences, and Consultations (YWCA)
'History,' 1912-31 (compilation of excerpts from YWCA Records)
Convention
General, 1930-57
Materials for Working Group: Furthering Interracial Relationships
Meetings in response to Convention Actions, 1933
Conferences, general, 1912-57
Conference on Colored Work, Louisville, Kentucky
Cheyney Conference of Business and Industrial Girls, 1924
Branch Conferences, Institute, West Virginia, 1927-29
Branch Leadership Conference, Institute, West Virginia, 1931
Branch Conference, Wilberforce University, 1935
All-Day Meeting of YWCAs in Eastern Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Delaware for Consideration of Interracial Relations, 1936
North Carolina Branch Conference, Durham, North Carolina, 1936
Branch Conference, Wilberforce University, 1937
Eastern Region Interracial Conference, New York City, 1942
Negro Leadership Conference, Institute, West Virginia, 1942
Workshop on Interracial Practices, Poughkeepsie, NY, 1948
Consultation on Desegregation in the YWCA, 1955
"To Fulfill these Rights," Pre-White House Conferences, 1966
Consultation of Black Leadership, 1969
Racial Justice Institutes, 1969
Conferences, National
National Interracial Conference, Washington, DC, 1928
National Conference on Fundamental Problems in the Education of Negroes, Washington, DC, 9-12 May 1934
Chicago Conference on Race Relations, December 1943
Roundtable Conference on Building Better Race Relations, Washington, DC, 24 Nov 1945
White House Conference on Civil Rights with Women's Organizations, 9 Jul 1963
Commission on Interracial Cooperation, 1932-40
International Council of Religious Education: survey "The Work of Overhead Religious Education Agencies Among Negroes in the U.S.," 1927
National Council of Negro Women, 1945-54
National Urban League, 1942-46
Community Division Action Program for Integration and Desegregation of Community YWCAs, 1963-65
Project Equality, 1966
Dialogue Program
General, 1967-68
Call to Dialogue and Action Kit, Jun 1968
General pamphlets, 1913-70
All Colors: A Study Outline on Woman's Part in Race Relations by E.C. Carter, published by The Inquiry, distributed by the Womans Press, 1926
All Races, All Creeds edited by Dorothy I. Height, 1947, 1948, 1955, 1963
At Home-With People: Ways of Banishing Prejudices edited by Elise F. Moller, 1945
The Business Girl Looks at the Negro World by Frances Harriet Williams, 1937
The Christian Citizen and Civil Rights by Dorothy I. Height and J. Oscar Lee, 1949
Consideration of the Negro Member in Associations Where There is no Organized Branch by Frances Harriet Williams, 1940
The Core of America's Race Problem edited by Dorothy I. Height, 1945
"Guide to Recording Reactions to Interracial Relationships," Leadership Services, 1957
The Interracial Charter and Related Policy, 1955
Interracial Cooperation: Helpful Suggestions Concerning Relations of White and Colored Citizens, circa 1920
Interracial Education as it Affects Negro and White Relationships from the Point of View of Administrative Groups by Frances Harriet Williams, 1940
Interracial Policies of the YWCA of the USA, edited by Dorothy I. Height, 1948
Interracial Programs in Student YWCAs by Yolanda B. Wilkerson, 1948
Outgrowths of the Interracial Structure of the YWCA: Current Administrative Practices by Cordella Winn and Frances Williams, 1934
"Outline for a discussion course on Race Relations in the U.S.," 1923
Personal Adventures in Race Relations by Esther Popel Shaw, 1946, 1948
Program Papers for Today and Tomorrow. No. VIII: Nationality and Race are Important (various authors) and No. IX White Man's God? A Search for evidence of democracy and the Christian faith in interracial relations by Helen J. Wilkins, 1941
Pudge Grows Up: Series of Meetings for High School Girls by Frances Williams and Wenonah Boyd Logan, 1936
Step by Step with Interracial Groups by Dorothy I. Height, 1955
Techniques in Race Relations by Frances Harriet Williams, 1937
Three Meetings on Interracial Interests for Use in Discussion and Club Meetings by Gertrude Ware Bunce and Frances Williams, Program Series, 1934
Two Interracial Studies: The Interracial Situation My Association Faces; The Negro in the United States of America by Frances Williams, 1934
Toward Better Race Relations, Dothory {sic} Sabistan, Field Worker, Margaret Hiller, Editor, 1949
The Work of Colored Women by Jane Olcott, 1919
The World Best Known to a Negro Industrial Girl by Frances Harriet Williams, 1938
Occasional Educational and Informational Papers, 1936-41
Miscellaneous, 1909-58, n.d.
Eva D. Bowles, 1915-31
Marion Cuthbert, 1937-40
Isobel C. Lawson, 1938-40
Frances Harriet Williams, 1924-39
Cordella Winn, 1930-38
General Report on Work on Racial Inclusiveness, Sep 1956-Aug 1957 by Mary Jane Willett
Methods of Combating Discrimination: descriptive record submitted to the World's YWCA by the YWCA of the U.S.A., 1954
The YWCA Strategy and Action in Methods of Combating Racial Discrimination, Triennium 1955-58, submitted to the World's YWCA
"A New Day for the Colored Woman Worker: A Study of Colored Women in Industry in New York City," directed by a joint committee with representatives from various organizations, funded by the YWCA, 1919
Interracial Study, 1919 (compilation of answers to question #19 on 1918-19 annual reports of city associations)
Basic Civil Rights for Negroes
General, 1936, n.d.
Report "Fourteen Civil Rights Studies Made by Local Associations" by Frances Harriet Williams, 1938
Reports from Associations
Durham, North Carolina, 1936
Houston, Texas, 1936
Indianapolis, Indiana, 1936
Portland, Oregon, 1936
Wichita, Kansas, 1936
The Branch Study (Part II of The Standards Study), 1938
The Extent of Certain Practices Relating to Racial Inclusiveness in Community YWCAs
Report, 1957
Paper based on the study: "Experience in Interracial and Intercultural Practice" by Ruth Henderson, 1959
Interracial Study
Commission to Gather Interracial Experiences (a.k.a. Interracial Commission), 1941-45
Questionnaires, 1943
Report: Interracial Practices in Community YWCAs and Recommendations, 1944
Follow-up (aka "Rosenwald Study")
General, 1945-49, n.d.
Comments from Community Associations, 1944-45
Report: Toward Better Race Relations, 1949
General, 1943-63
Institute for Leadership in Intergroup Relations, Feb 1960
Seminar on Intergroup Relations and School for Professional Workers, Lake Erie College, summer 1961
Workshop on Racial Integration
Atlanta, Georgia, Dec 1965
Norman, Oklahoma, Mar 1966
"Racial Justice" Work, 1970-2001
General, 1970-99
"Case Studies in Policy Progress: The Origins of the YWCA's Anti-Racism Campaign" by Barbara J. Nelson and Alissa Hummer, 1989
Wingspread Conference, "Eliminating Racism: Building on YWCA Experience," 1977
Working Woman magazine survey on diversity in the workplace, 1994-96
Events
Black History Month celebrations at '600,' 1996, n.d.
Dorothy I. Height Tribute Dinner (YWCA and National Council of Negro Women, 5 Nov 1986
Martin Luther King, Jr. Commemorations at '600,' 1985-96, n.d.
Reference materials, miscellaneous, 1970-74, n.d.
Racial Justice Core Group/Task Force, 1971-76
Committee on Racial Integration/Racial Justice, 1970?-91
Special Racial Justice Fund Committee, 1970
Offices
Center for Racial Justice Center, Program Unit, 1971-77
Office of Racial Justice, Executive Office
General, 1983-90
Proposal to Kellogg Foundation to establish a Center for Valuing Diversity, 1992
Office of Racial Justice and Human Rights
General, 1997-2000, n.d.
Job descriptions and search for Director, 1997-98
Hate crimes
General, 1997-2000
Response Kit, 1998
Ku Klux Klan activity, 1998-99
Violence Against Asian Americans, 1984-85
American Indians
General, 1970-85
American Indian Task Force, 1987
Reference materials, miscellaneous, circa 1970-86
Community and Student Associations
Mid-Peninsula (Palo Alto), 1979
Y-House, University of California at Berkeley: Black Women's Symposium for Action, Apr 1976
Maryland, Greater Baltimore Area: Breakthrough: An Action Handbook, 1975
Conferences, Consultations, and Convocations
National Conference of Black Women in the YWCA, 1970
La Conferencia de Mujeres por la Raza, Houston, May 1971
Consultation of White Women in the YWCA, Oct 1972
National Convocation on Racial Justice, Jun 1972
Planning, Dec 1971-Jun 1972
Program and Participants
Post-Convocation material
Western Region Third World Coalition Workshop, Nov 1972
National Consultation of Native American Women of the YWCA, Nov 1973
Conferencia de Mujeres Puertorriqueñas, Jan 1974
Southern Region Consultation of Third World Women, 1974
Racial Justice Convocation "Toward a Racial Justice Agenda for the 21st Century," Feb 1990
Planning
Press Kit
Workshop Leader biographies
Racial Justice Conference, Apr 1999
Mexican-American Women, 1970
Programs
One Imperative: To Eliminate Racism Wherever it Exists and By Any Means Necessary
General, 1969-76, n.d.
Convention 1970 "One Imperative Convention"
Use of phrase "by any means necessary," 1970-71
Briefing sessions for National Board and staff, 1970
Action Audit for Change
Materials distributed at National Board and staff meeting, Sep 1976
Phase I: The YWCA as an Institution packet, Dec 1970
Phase I (copy 2)
Phase II: Community Audit packet, Dec 1973
Resource Leadership Team, 1971
The National Board and Its Work, 1973-79
Institutes, Consultations, Workshops, and Meetings
General, 1970-71
Consultation of Asian American Women, May 1971
Institute on the Web of Racism and Child Development, May 1971
Institute on the Web of Racism and the Communications Media, Apr 1971
Institute on the Web of Racism and Housing, May 1971
Institute on the Web of Racism and Poverty, May 1971
Mid-Point Meeting, Jul 1971
Workshop on Dance and Drama of Selected Minority Groups, Jul 1971
Film, 1971
Communications Institute (proposed), 1971
Action Audit for Change workbooks, 1977, circa 1990, 1994
Affirmative Action
General, 1973-2000, n.d.
"Affirmative Action Plan with Goals and Timetables and Utilization Analysis Charts," National Personnel and Labor Relations Department, 1978
"YWCA Affirmative Action Guide to Equal Employment," Center for Racial Justice, n.d. and Jan 1979 revised
Affirmative Action Review Team, 1991, n.d.
"Women Speak on Affirmative Action" packet prepared for YWCAs in Washington state, 1998
National Day of Commitment to Eliminate Racism
Organizer's Kit
Orientation for Congressional visits
Congressional briefing
Race Against Racism
Racial Justice Awards (at Convention)
General, 1984-91
1994: State/Regional Council winner: Pennsylvania Council of YWCAs application
1996: nomination, Baton Rouge
Racial Justice Awards Dinner (fundraising gala), 1999
General, 1998-99
Acknowledgments, 1998-99
Corporate Award nominees, 1998-99
Corporate Award: Federal National Mortgage Association ("Fannie Mae")
Invitations, 1999
Sponsors, 1999
Statewide Days of Dialogue on Race Relations, 1998
Stop Racism Youth Challenge
Steering Committee, 1999-2000
Reference material: 'Racism Stop It!' program in Canada, 1998-2000
Jan-Jul
Aug-Dec
Fundraising
Guidebook and publicity
White House Breakfast
Angela Davis trial, 1971-72
Martin Luther King, Jr. Holiday, 1990-94, n.d.
School Busing, 1972
General pamphlets, 1971-98
Black Chronicle with discussion guide, 1971
Career Planning for the Black Woman by Juanita Papillon and Elizabeth Morgan, circa 1972
Voting is People Power, 1972
The Barrier Breaker
On the Cutting Edge, Office of Racial Justice, 1987-89
Racial Justice and Human Rights News and Views, 1998-2000
General, 1970-98, n.d.
National Institute on Administration, "Introducing Social Change: An Administrator Looks at Institutional Racism," Jan 1971
Racial Justice Staff Development Program, 1987
Racial Justice Leadership Seminar, 1989
Mission Empowerment Process Facilitator's Manual, 1996
Racial Justice Training Manual and 'How To' video, 1996
Subseries D. Teenage and Younger Girls
General, 1919-97, n.d.
General brochures, 1907-85, n.d.
The Girl Reserve Movement of the Young Women's Christian Association: An Analysis of the Educational Principles and Procedures Used Throughout its History by Catherine S. Vance, 1937 (New York, NY: Columbia University Bureau of Publications)
"A History of the Girl Reserve Movement of the YWCA" by Mrs. Philip G. Eastwick, ca. 1931-32
Anniversaries
Jubilee (1931)
Greetings from around the world
Correspondence re loan of greetings for exhibition
Sixtieth, 1941
Centennial celebration, 1979-81
Eight Week Clubs, 1913-19, n.d.
Memorabilia, insignias, uniform, etc., 1918-44, n.d.
National Teen Organization (NTO), 1973
Rainbow Clubs, circa 1918
YMCA-YWCA Cooperation, 1942
Department and Committees
Miscellaneous, 1960-64
Re revision of recruitment and membership pamphlet, 1982-83
Membership notebook, May 1923
Girl Reserve Staff and Department (includes News-Letter,) 1914, 1917-18, 1920, 1922-31,
Girl Reserve Sub-Committee/Sub-Committee on the Teen-Age Program, 1935-52, 1959
Teen-Age Program Committee, 1948-52, 1959
Teen Empowerment Committee, 1973
National Teen Council (NTC), 1988-2001
News-letter to secretaries and advisers, 1929-30, 1946, 1975, 1994-98
Younger Employed Girls
General, 1918-30, n.d.
Younger Girls in Business and Industry (YGBI), 1920-24
"The Why and How of Leisure Time Activities Among Younger Employed Girls" by Zelah Heinbaugh, 1925
"The Young Employed Girl" by Hazel G. Ormsbee, 1927
"The Teenage Worker: In School and Out" and "And So To Work," 1943
Report: YWCA work among younger employed girls by Helen McNeil, 1927-29
Youth Constituencies Unit, 1974
Conferences, Consultations, and Workshops
Conference planning guides, 1958, 1979, n.d.
Miscellaneous reports, 1925-31
Adult Guidance Councils, 1926-31
Branch Conferences, West Virginia Collegiate Institute, Institute, West Virginia, 1927-28
Consultation on the Job Market and Career Development for Teen Women, 1974
Consultation on Today's Teenagers, 14-15 Jan 1960
Consultation on Work with Economically Deprived Adolescent Girls, 1966: report "Exploring Human Space," 1967
Cultural Competency, Youth Development Workshop, Mar 1992
High School Girl Reserve Mid-Winter Conference, 1924
National Consultations on Teen Needs, 1981
Correspondence, planning, programs, press releases, 1981-82
Evaluation forms
Dallas, TX
Des Moines, IA
Lancaster, PA
Transcript of tape recordings
Work Group reports
Community Service
Education
Employment
National Training School, 1930
National Y-Teen Conferences
First, 1956
Second, 1959
Third, 1965
Reports, bulletins, and clippings
Remarks by Hubert H. Humphrey
National Y-Teen Assembly, 1982
National Teen Assembly
General, 1989-91
Planning, 1990
Priorities
Speakers and workshops
General and planning, 1997-98
Packet for attendees
Staff
Verbatim report, 1922
Findings of National Girl Reserve Staff Conference, April 1923
Sep 1923
Report of the Findings Committee of the Girl's Work Department Conference, Oct 1923
Summary, Apr-May 1925
Minutes, Oct 1925
Findings, Apr-May 1926
Jun-Jul 1926
Apr 1928
29 Dec 1939-5 Jan 1940 General and report "New Directions: Findings from the National Conference for Girl Reserve Secretaries"
28 Dec 1950-3 Jan 1951 Report and abridged report "We Look Ahead: Findings of the National Conference for Teen-Age Program Directors"
Miscellaneous, 1929-31
Sapphire, NC, 1930
Camp Merrie-Woode, Sapphire, NC, 1932
Camp Lookout, Golden, CO, 1943
Camp Lookout, Golden, CO, 1945
Comments on 16 Y-Teen Summer Conferences, 1949
Southeastern, Blue Ridge Assembly Grounds, 1957
"A Study of the Effect of the Interracial Aspects of the Program of Six Y-Teen Summer Conferences in the Southern Region on Girls Who Attended from 1958 through 1962" by Lillian H. Jackson
Report of the 1959 Y-Teen Summer Conferences and Supportive Adult Training in the Southern Region
Y-Teen Summer Conference Leaders' Institute, Central Region, 1960
Report of Y-Teen Conferences in the Southern Region, Summer, 1962
Tri-State Area Y-Teen Area Conference, Chatham College, Pittsburgh, PA, 1964
Conference packet
Planning Committee
Workshop materials
Report to the Field Foundation on Y-Teen Conferences in the Southern Region, Summer 1965
Texas-Louisiana Y-Teen Summer Conference, Jun 1966
General and miscellaneous, 1960-68
Becoming a Woman workshops, San Francisco YWCA, 1982
Juvenile Justice Program, 1978-81
National Youth Service Day, 1998
National Youthworker Education Project
General, 1976-80, n.d
Evaluation Conference, 12 Dec 1979
NYEP Update, 1978-79
Required readings, 1976, n.d.
Neighborhood Youth Consumer Education Project, 1972-75
Summer Youth Demonstration Project
Report to U.S. Department of Labor, Nov 1967
Vol. 1
Vol. 2
Abridged report
Teen Counseling Project, YWCA Resource Center on Women and Bank Street College of Education
General, 1974
"Attention is Needed, Action is Called For: Teen Women Tell About Their Needs," report on Teen Counseling Project Workshops, 1974
"Cause for Action: Report of the Proposal for Determining the Needs of Teen-Age Women and the Educational Services they Require in a Changing World," ca. 1973
Summary Report, "A Job at the End: Guidelines for Teen Counseling, Training and Career Development," 1975
Teen Pregnancy Prevention Program
General, 1994, n.d.
Information packet, circa 1989
"It's Okay to Say No Way" brochure and leader's guide to music video, 1986
List of community Associations' programs, 1995
P.A.C.T. (Peer Approach Counseling by Teens)
Cleveland YWCA: curriculum packet, circa 1980
Taking the Lead with P.A.C.T.: Peer Education in Sexuality and Health, National YWCA program manual, 1989
Teen Pregnancy Reduction Program: proposal to Ford Foundation, 1983
Teen Sexuality Education Project: final report, 1982
Teens for Aids Prevention (T.A.P.), Center for Population Options and YWCAs of Atlanta, GA, Hartford, CT, and Greater Milwaukee, WI, 1990
Tomorrow's Women, 1990-91, n.d.
Y-Teen Roll Call Week: publicity kit, 1949
YWCA Teen Week: publicity kit, 1988
Young Women's Employment Training Project (YWETP)
General, 1984-87
State-of-the-Art Paper and literature review by Harriet G. Dockstader, 1986
Youth Employment Project (YEP), National Collaboration for Youth, 1979-83
Youth Development Program
General, 1991-2000
Notebook, circa 1999 (includes information about YWCA/PepsiCo Girls Leadership Program, Mott Pregnancy Prevention Program, and TechGRYRLS)
TechGYRLS
General, 1997-2002, n.d.
Program manual, 2002
Training manual, n.d.
Community Association programs
Winnetka Elementary School, Dallas, Texas, 1998
Riverside, California: Challenges of Youth, 1998
Western Massachusetts: Our Health, Our Futures, 1999
Youth Workers Team Learning Project
Proposals to the U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1969-70
Final Report, 1972
Character, citizenship, and religion
General, 1915-69
"Life and I" by Oolooah Burner, 1926-42
Handbooks and year books for Girl Reserves/Y-Teens
The Girl Reserves: A Guide for Every Loyal Blue Triangle Girl, 1919-23
Treasure Trove, 1921
The Girl's Every Day Book, 1926, 1928
The Girls' Yearbook, 1917-30
My Own Book, 194
Girls Yearbook, 1945
Teens: How to Meet Your Problems, 1951
Our Yearbook: Y-Teen, 1951-62
High School/Boarding School
General, 1924, 1928
Suggested Constitutions for secondary school Associations, 1918, 1920
The Inch Library
First Inch, 1915, circa 1920
Second Inch, 1916-circa 1920
Third Inch, 1918
Manuals and training materials for teen committee, group leaders, and staff
Committee, 1917-63
Parents groups, 1937-45
Junior High School Advisers, 1938, 1943
Registered Clubs, 1929-65
Volunteers, 1949, n.d.
Banquet Suggestions for Girls and Their Mothers, 1937, 1944
Baby Sitters: A Basic Training Manual, 1956-62
The Home-Town Vacation, 1933
A Program Book for Girl Reserves, 1932
Program Emphases Interpreted for Younger Girl Conferences and Club Work in the YWCAs, 1936
Another Program Book for Girl Reserves, 1936, 1940
Public Affairs Size 16, 1939-40
Girl Reserve Program for Today, 1943
Program Ideas for Y-Teens, 1946
Youth Together and Youth on Trial: Program Ideas for YMCA and YWCA High School Youth Groups, 1947-48
Health, sex education, and personal relations
High school, 1919-20
Interracial issues
"Pudge" series, 1936-42
"Help in Program Planning for American Indian Girls in YWCA and Girl Reserve Groups," n.d.
Leadership, 1938-46
World Fellowship, 1932-36
Younger girls (grade and junior high school), 1916-47
The Girls' Work Book Shelf, 1918-22 [bound copies]
The Girl Reserve Bookshelf: A Resource for Advisers of Girls Activities, 1923-25 [photocopies]
The Bookshelf: A Bulletin for Leaders of Younger Girls/Girl Reserve Advisers/Teenage Program Advisers/Advisers of Y-Teens [bound copies]
1943-winter 1964/65
Spr 1965-Spr 1968
Y-Teen Scene, summer 1968-73
National Adolescent Sexuality Brief, 1983-84
Newsletter for Teen-Age Program Directors, 1950-52
Teen Brief, 1983-85
Teen Freedom, 1973-75
General, 1922-65
Beside Our Campfires, A Girl Reserve's Goodnight by Suzanne Weddell, 1925
Understanding the Adolescent Girl by Grace Loucks Elliott, 1930, 1949
Miscellaneous, 1927-97
Department
Summary of Work, 1927-28
Annual Meeting, 4-6 Dec 1929
Biennial Report, Jan 1930
Girl Reserve Secretarial Seminar, 1931
Memorandum on status of Girl Reserve work, 1924
Secretaries' annual and general reports
Esther A. Dayman, 1923, 1925
Gertrude Gogin, 1927
Rhoda Harris, 1925
Bella Taylor McKnight, 1929, 1931
Helen McNeil, 1929-31
Helen E. Price, 1923-24
Margaret A. West, 1922
Edith G. Wilson, 1929-31
Georgia Wittich, 1923
Summary of problems relating to work plans of Girl Reserve staff, 1936-37
Summary of work plans, Girl Reserve staff, proposed for 1937-38
Recommendations to Leadership Division Committee, Jan 1940
Summer School, Berkeley, 1927
Alabama, 1923, 1926
Arizona, 1923-24, 1927
Arkansas, 1929-31
California, 1923-28
Canal Zone, 1930
Colorado, 1923-31
Connecticut, 1923-31
Delaware, 1923-24, 1930
District of Columbia, 1923, 1931
Florida, 1923-26
Georgia, 1923, 1929
Idaho, 1923, 1927
Illinois, 1931
Iowa, 1926-31
Kansas, 1928, 1931
Kentucky, 1931
Louisiana, 1926,1931
Maine, 1924
Maryland, 1925, 1931
Massachusetts, 1923-25
Minnesota, 1930
Missouri, 1928-31
Montana, 1923, 1927
Nebraska, 1930
Nevada, 1923
New Hampshire, 1924-25
New Jersey, 1923-31
New Mexico, 1924
New York, 1923-31
North Carolina, 1924-29
Ohio, 1931
Oklahoma, 1930-31
Oregon, 1923-28
Pennsylvania, 1923-31
Rhode Island, 1924-25
South Carolina, 1924, 1926
South Dakota, 1930
Tennessee, 1923, 1929
Texas, 1930-31
Virginia, 1924-27
Washington, 1923-27
West Virginia, 1923-27
Wisconsin, 1930
Wyoming, 1927
What are the needs and problems of the modern younger girl? How are they being met? ca. 1928
Y-Teens and Y-Teens Leaders meetings at national convention, 1955
Best Girl Reserve Methods: compilation of responses to questionnaire, 1940
The Job of the Younger Girls' Secretary in the YWCA, 1944
Local Work, summary of a study, 1927-28
Looking for Gremlins in Girl Reserve Clubs, 1944
Major Problems Study, 1939-40
Central region
Northeast region
Northwest region
Southern region
Southwest and Rocky Mountain regions
Western region
[Girl Reserve] Section Studies
Correspondence, 1927-29
Reports, 1928-30
Survey: Are Teen-Agers Responsible Citizens?: report 1954
Survey of Adolescent Programs in YWCA member associations, 1998-99 (includes other corr re Youth-related programs)
Arkansas, El Dorado
Contra Costa County
Harbor Area
Los Angeles, Greater
Mid-Peninsula
Riverside
San Francisco
San Gabriel Valley
Santa Clara Valley
Santa Monica
Watsonville
West End
Colorado: Boulder
Connecticut: Greenwich
Delaware: New Castle County
Florida: Miami, Greater
Georgia: Atlanta, Greater
Illinois
Elgin
Evanston/North Shore
Rockford
Sauk Valley
Indiana
Evansville
Fort Wayne
Kansas
Salina
Topeka
Massachusetts
Central Massachusetts
Haverhill
Western Massachusetts
Maine: Mount Desert Island
Bay County
Kalamazoo
Minnesota: Mankato
Kansas City
St. Joseph
St. Louis
Montana: Billings
Nebraska: Lincoln
New Hampshire: Manchester
New Jersey
Essex and West Hudson
Hudson County
Montclair and North Essex
Trenton
New Mexico: Albuquerque
City of New York, Flushing Branch
Cortland
Elmira and the Twin Tiers
Jamestown
Schenectady
The Tonawandas and Niagara Frontier
Ulster County
Westfield
White Plains and Central Westchester
Central Carolinas
Greensboro
High Point
Wake County
Oregon: Portland
Akron
Cincinnati
Cleveland
Dayton
Lima
Lorain
Salem
Toledo
Youngstown
Bradford
Carlisle
Gettysburg and Adams County
Lancaster
Pottstown
West Chester, Greater
Rhode Island, Greater
Greenville
The Midlands
Tennessee
Blount County
Bristol
Knoxville
Memphis
Middle Tennessee
Texas
El Paso del Norte Region
San Antonio
Seattle
Tacoma-Pierce County
West Virginia: Wheeling
Wisconsin
Coulee Region
Green Bay
Milwaukee, Greater
Waukesha
Wausau
Work with Younger Girls in the YWCA by Helen E. Davis, 1932-34
Youth Work Techniques Development Centers: proposal to U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1970
OVERSIZE
Miscellaneous items from local Girl Reserve Clubs, 1925-38
Hand-Book, YWCA of Northfield Seminary, 1894-95
Maria de Jesus Lopez, Girl Reserve scrapbook, 1941-43, Mexican Community House Girl Reserves, El Paso, Texas
Sleeve boxes for Inch Library
Preservation copies of Bookshelf [mostly unbound][DO NOT USE]
Preservation copies of Y-Teen Scene, 1968-73[DO NOT USE]
Subseries E. Young Adults
Home Women: general, 1948-49
YW-Wives: general, 1950-57, n.d.
Young Adult Program
General, 1950-78, n.d.
Committee/Council, 1951-52, 1961
National Young Adult Conference, Nov 1969: Program Memo to Staff, Feb 1970
Program Papers 1966, I. The YWCA Serves Young Adults Under 251966
Young Adult Working Papers, fall 1968
Young Adults and the YWCA (booklets 1-7), 1953-54
Young Adults and the YWCA (quarterly), 1954-58
Young Adults in the YWCA: Program Guide, 1959
Young Adults in the 1960s: Changing Lives, Changing Program, 1964
Young Women Committed to Action
General, 1970-74, n.d.
Continuing Committee, 1973-74
Assembly, Mar 1973
"Basic Notebook," 1974
"Behind Every Face There is a Soul" Program Tool (poster book), winter 1967
Newsletter, Sep 1971, n.d.
"YWCA Program is Doing Not Talking," Oct 1970
Workshops
Affirmative Process Skills Development, Dec 1972
Mobilize, Dec 1974
Youth Constituencies Unit
Manual "New Young Women in the YWCA: a manual for mobilizing young women in the YWCA through a self-renewal program process," 1975